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101.
Jeffrey L. Geller William H. Fisher Albert J. Grudzinskas Jr. Jonathan C. Clayfield Ted Lawlor 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2006,29(6):551
In American jurisprudence, two justifications have traditionally been put forth to support the government's social control of persons with mental illness: police power and parens patriae. As public mental hospitals became less available as loci in which to exercise these functions, governments sought alternative means to achieve the same ends. One prominent but quite controversial means is involuntary outpatient treatment (IOT). While the concerns about IOT have been myriad, one often alluded to but never documented is that of “net-widening.” That is, once IOT became available, it would be applied to an ever greater number of individuals, progressively expanding the margins of the designated population to whom it is applied, despite the formal standard for its application remaining constant. We tested the net-widening belief in a naturalistic experiment in Massachusetts. We found that net-widening did not occur, despite an environment strongly conducive to that expansion. At this time, whatever the arguments against IOT might be, net-widening should not be one of them. 相似文献
102.
Arthur M. Diamond Jr. 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2006,21(2):149-161
Regression analysis is used to test the effects of funding source (and of various control variables) on the importance of
the article, as measured by the number of citations that the article receives. Funding source is measured by the number of
private and the number of government grants mentioned in the acknowledgements section. The importance of an article is measured
by an “early” count (of citations through October 1992), and a “late” count (of citations through July 2002). Using either
measure of article importance, the evidence suggests that private funders are more successful than the government at identifying
important research.
Jel classification D 780 . H 110 . O 310 相似文献
103.
104.
105.
Peter H. Solomon Jr. 《Law & society review》2004,38(3):549-582
This article assesses the power of judges in Russia (on courts of general jurisdiction, arbitrazh courts, and military courts) in dealing with cases in which the government or one of its officials is a party. Power, that is, the resources of judges to make binding decisions, is understood as including jurisdiction, discretion, and authority to ensure compliance. The article analyzes the dramatic growth of jurisdiction and caseload in administrative justice in post-Soviet Russia to the year 2002 and examines how the courts have performed in handling the review of actions by officials (including in the military), tax cases, electoral disputes, and the legality of normative acts (both regulations and laws of lower governments), especially in the late 1990s. High rates of success for persons bringing suits against the government suggest that judges were able by and large to adjudicate fairly and rule against the state. To a considerable degree (but not always), those decisions were implemented (more often than were constitutional and commercial decisions). Interestingly, citizens who challenged the actions of officials in court had much more success than those who brought complaints to the Procuracy. Finally, the article develops an agenda for future research that would deepen understanding of the significance of administrative justice in the Russian Federation and the power of judges. 相似文献
106.
Government budgeting is one of the major processes by which the use of public resources is planned and controlled. To the extent that this is done well, governmental programs are brought increasingly to the service of its citizens, enhancing their material and cultural status.
The study of government budgeting is a study in applied economics—in the allocation of scarce resources. This study must look at operations and begin with organization and procedure, the routines which have been established for decision–making in government. It should extend to an examination of the influences, governmental and nongovernmental, that come to bear on the decision-making process.
Ours is both an organized society and a society of organizations. The significance of organization is nowhere more evident than in the public sector. Here organizational arrangements bring together the learning of all social scientists. The patterns for decision-making do not provide separate compartments for economic knowledge, for political knowledge, for social knowledge. These are merged in the organizational arrangements which have been established for the conduct of governmental affairs.1 相似文献
The study of government budgeting is a study in applied economics—in the allocation of scarce resources. This study must look at operations and begin with organization and procedure, the routines which have been established for decision–making in government. It should extend to an examination of the influences, governmental and nongovernmental, that come to bear on the decision-making process.
Ours is both an organized society and a society of organizations. The significance of organization is nowhere more evident than in the public sector. Here organizational arrangements bring together the learning of all social scientists. The patterns for decision-making do not provide separate compartments for economic knowledge, for political knowledge, for social knowledge. These are merged in the organizational arrangements which have been established for the conduct of governmental affairs.1 相似文献
107.
108.
John M. Lanasa Ph.D. William D. Presutti Jr. Ph.D. 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1988,13(1):49-53
Technology management must be improved if the US is to cope in an aggressively competitive international marketplace. It is
becoming increasingly clear that investing in technologically advanced plant and equipment alone is not enough to compete
successfully. To raise levels of efficiency and effectiveness in technology management, firms must develop a multi-dimensional
approach to solving problems associated with manufacturing process. A way to capture scenarios for decision-making is through
expert systems—programs that have wide bases of knowledge in restricted domains and utilize complex inferential reasoning
to perform tasks that human beings could accomplish, but less efficiently. These systems contain a great deal of knowledge
about a specific problem areas and disciplines. They also allow expertise to be distributed throughout the firms, raising
competence levels and the productivity of non-experts. 相似文献
109.
The enactment of national environmental management programswas prompted, in large part, by the perceived failure of stateand local government officials to deal adequately with pollutioncontrol and resource management problems. Paradoxically, theimplementation of several important environmental managementprograms relies heavily on these same state and local officials.Congress has sought to resolve this paradox by requiring federalevaluation of state and local environmental planning and managementactivities. Many of these evaluations are little more than routinefiscal audits. However one agency, the Office of Coastal ZoneManagement, has sought to develop a systematic evaluation processfocusing on all aspects of state coastal zone programs. Theseevaluative efforts have led to intergovernmental tensions, mostnotably with regard to the purposes and methods of evaluation,the appropriate roles of federal and state officials, and theresources available for evaluation. In spite of these tensions,there is broad agreement about the value of the evaluation processand its potential applicability in other contexts. 相似文献
110.