Axiomatizations of a positional power score and measure for hierarchies

The extant literature on positional power in hierarchies is mainly restricted to the analysis of power in terms of the authority structure. This is based upon the bare positions of actors and ignores the existence of decision-making mechanisms. The few studies, which also take into account decision-making mechanisms, are ‘membership-based’. In an earlier paper we demonstrated that such an approach is, in general, inappropriate. As a solution we suggested an ‘action-based’ approach and developed a power score and measure ascribing positional power to actors in hierarchies. In this paper we axiomatize this power score and measure and illustrate their applicability.     

Fortwirkung einer Zustimmungserkl?rung zu freiheitsbeschr?nkenden Ma?nahmen nach dem Verlust der Einsichts- und Urteilsf?higkeit?

Ist die Bewohnerin, die ihre Zustimmungserkl?rung gern § 3 Abs 2 HeimAufG schon vor vielen Jahren abgegeben hat, nicht mehr einsichts- und urteilsf?hig, dann muss die Angemessenheit der Freiheitsbeschr?nkung (hier: Hindern am Verlassen des Pflegebetts mittels Seitenteilen) nach den §§ 4 ff HeimAufG überprüft werden.     

Condictio causa data causa non secuta des trotz Zahlungsverbots leistenden Drittschuldners

Leistet der Drittschuldner trotz des mit einstweiliger Verfügung angeordneten Zahlungsverbots an den Gegner der gef?hrdeten Partei, so ist die Zahlung im Verh?ltnis zu diesem wirksam. Der Drittschuldner kann die Zahlung jedoch zurückfordern (§ 1435 ABGB analog), wenn er und der Gegner der gef?hrdeten Partei bei der Zahlung irrtümlich davon ausgegangen sind, nicht verbotswidrig zu handeln, weil das Verfügungs- und Zahlungsverbot nicht mehr bestehe.     

Somatic morbidity and criminality: the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adverse physical disorders and violent/non-violent criminal behaviour. DESIGN: The study material consisted of the large, prospectively followed, unselected and genetically homogeneous Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, the Finnish Hospital Discharge Registers and the National Crime Register (n=10934). MAIN RESULTS: The results of the logistic regression analyses showed that male offenders had statistically significantly more injuries (adj. OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.51-2.17), when compared with males without a criminal history. Violent male offenders exhibited greater morbidity to the diseases of the respiratory system (adj. OR=1.64, 95% CI=1.03-2.60) when compared with non-violent criminals. Female offenders suffered more commonly from poisonings (adj. OR=3.84, 95% CI=1.69-8.72), injuries (adj. OR=2.79, 95% CI=1.67-4.66), infections (adj. OR=1.87, 95% CI=1.16-2.99) and indefinite symptoms (adj. OR=2.02, 95% CI=1.20-3.40) than non-offending females. CONCLUSIONS: At epidemiological level, criminal behaviour seems to be associated especially with an increased risk of injuries for both sexes. The observed increase of the diseases of the respiratory system among violent but not among non-violent males calls for further investigations.