Preventive HIV/AIDS education through physical education: reflections from Zambia

Governments, UN agencies and international and local NGOs have mounted a concerted effort to remobilise sport as a vehicle for broad, sustainable social development. This resonates with the call for sport to be a key component in national and international development objectives. Missing in these efforts is an explicit focus on physical education within state schools, which still enroll most children in the global South. This article focuses on research into one of the few instances where physical education within the national curriculum is being revitalised as part of the growing interest in leveraging the appeal of sport and play as means to address social development challenges such as HIV/AIDS. It examines the response to the Zambian government's 2006 Declaration of Mandatory Physical Education (with a preventive education focus on HIV/AIDS) by personnel charged with its implementation and illustrates weaknesses within the education sector. The use of policy instruments such as decrees/mandates helps ensure the mainstreaming of physical education in development. However, the urgency required to respond to new mandates, particularly those sanctioned by the highest levels of government, can result in critical pieces of the puzzle being ignored, thereby undermining the potential of physical education (and sport) within development.     

现阶段前苏联地区的共产主义运动

一、原苏联地区各国共产党的基本状况 白俄罗斯共产党是目前唯一一个不对国家的官方当局的政策持反对立场的政党。白俄罗斯共产党现有党员两万多人。塔季扬娜·根纳季耶夫娜·戈卢别娃任自俄罗斯共产党中央委员会第一书记。该党在国民议会中有自己的党团,与共和国领导人配合默契,积极支持白俄罗斯共和国总统卢卡申科的内外政策。     

21世纪资本主义的垄断和竞争(下)

垄断和20世纪60年代美国的激进政治经济学正如我们所指出的,马克思主义理论因希法亭和列宁的贡献开创了资本主义垄断阶段的概念,但是这个领域的工作在20世纪最初几十年停滞了。更为传统的马克思主义理论家满足于停留在马克思在《资本论》中基于19世纪的市场条件所确立的情况,无意于依据与垄断阶段相联系的新发展来扩展对资本主义的批判。然而,马克思主义(或者说新马克思主     

东亚的创新文化与创新政策

东亚经济的崛起和快速发展引起了世界的关注。这一发展背后掩藏着什么,其发展是否与东亚经济的创新有关联,一直以来备受争议。本文通过行为取向、经济制度化形式和国家的创新政策,研究东亚形成了怎样的创新文化以及不同国家或地区创新文化的异同。作者认为,在创新行为前提条件相近的情况下,东亚各国或地区的创新途径各