匈牙利的住房及住房政策

过去的四十年来,匈牙利总共建造了二百五十万套住房。到1985年,全国已拥有住房三百九十万套,从实际家庭户数仅三百八十万来看,这一状况显然是相当不错的。但是,如今,住房问题仍是造成匈牙利社会紧张局势的首要原因。社会不公正也日益与住房问题,即个人和家庭住房的质量与获得新住房的机会等问题相关。本文将谈论匈牙利人民的住房状况;人口增长与住房发展前景;匈牙利住房政策的演变与改革以及所面临的新问题。     

诗的语言

第一节因袭传统诗的语言己经消亡因袭传统诗的语言是在古典主义时期产生的,这种特别语言地成为当时责族语言的一部分。在当时贵族的和世俗的社会里,一切都崇尚理性,推崇分析,玩弄矫揉造作,在这样的风气影响下,文学语言已理智化了。因而基本上看不到特别的词,取而代之的是普通的词。其结果是,人们说ouverture(打开)的是fenetre(窗户),而不是porte     

帝国主义在东盟地区的利益

近年来,东盟成员国成为美国、日本和西欧等大型帝国主义中心极为关注的对象。东南亚次地区变成了资本主义世界主要工业强国日益增长的政治和经济利益的领域,这些利益的对比关系在一定程度上决定帝国主义“力量中心”在该地区的政策的性质。 这种“利益”取决于一系列重要因素。东南亚次地区优越的地理位置和有利的气候条件有助于相对降低基本建设费用。此外,该地区还是独一无二而丰富的原料的基地,东盟国家是下列产品的大宗生产国和     

苏共二十六大关于成熟社会主义概念的发展

任何一种理论其中包括发达社会主义理论,基本上可归结为二个因素——规律和范畴。因此,发现和研究成熟社会主义的规律以及反映这些客观规律的新概念(新范畴)的科学表达方法乃是成熟社会主义理论的发展趋势。如果个别作者在专著中得出了某些科学结论、原理和概念,而后又反映在党或国家的文件中并加以具体化,也就是说上升为公认的和具有普遍意义的阶段——这是理论发展极重要的因素。对理论研究进行总结并对今后的理论研究提     

评匈牙利经济体制及其发展方向

约亨·贝特肯哈根是德意志经济研究所的研究员,他专门从事对经互会国家的能源经济和对外贸易的研究,主要研究国家是匈牙利和罗马尼亚。     

Giving until it hurts: prisoners are not the answer to the national organ shortage

This Note argues that prisoners, whether executed or living, should not become organ donors. The introduction acknowledges the shortage of transplantable organs in the United States and the steps that have been taken to ameliorate the crisis. Part I discusses the procurement of organs from executed prisoners, beginning with a brief examination of China, a country where this type of procurement is routinely practiced. Part I also examines organ procurement legislation pertaining to executed prisoners. Finally, Part I asserts the reasons that prisoners should not become donors, including the dead donor rule, the ban against physicians as executioners, the Oath of Hippocrates, the risk of transmissible diseases, and the negative perception that would result if organ procurement was tied to executions. Part II of this Note discusses prisoners donating their organs in return for mitigated sentences. Part II then argues that this practice should not be adopted because of the lack of informed consent and voluntary choice. Finally, Part III of this Note introduces potential solutions to the possibility of maintaining a voluntary system, moving to a presumed consent system, and using financial inducements to create a larger supply of transplantable organs.     

Quantitation using GC-TOF-MS: example of bromazepam

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) offers new perspectives for forensic toxicology. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of a mixture of three selected benzodiazepines (diazepam, nordazepam and bromazepam) were used to compare gas chromatography (GC-TOF-MS, quadrupole GC-MS, GC-ECD) and liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) data. Method validation parameters like LOD, LOQ, S/N-ratios reflect the capabilities of GC-TOF-MS. Five-point calibrations for bromazepam in human peripheral blood (50, 100, 160, 200, 300 ng/ml) using medazepam as internal standard (1000 ng/ml) were performed. The calibrations using GC-TOF-MS (using the fragments of m/z 236 and 288), GC-ECD (dual system) and HPLC-DAD (at 235 nm) all showed correlation coefficients close or superior to 0.99. Quadrupole GC-MS data was not used in the comparison of extracted samples due to the low sensitivity in the full scan mode. Two analyses of real cases concerning bromazepam are presented. In the first case, the presence or absence of bromazepam could not be established with both HPLC-DAD and GC-ECD due to background signals. The extracted ion chromatograms and spectrum traces after the analysis with the GC-TOF-MS could clearly excluded the presence of bromazepam. The second case illustrates the quantitation of bromazepam, where both HPLC-DAD and GC-ECD were unable to give satisfactory results, again due to interfering background signals. The analyses performed on the GC-TOF-MS-system demonstrated high sensitivity and also high selectivity due to the high quality of mass spectra obtained. The advantages of GC-TOF-MS make it a promising analytical technique for forensic toxicology.