恩怨过后正常化——中越关系60年回顾与展望

2010年是中越建交60周年,在60年的发展历程中,两国人民曾并肩战斗、相互支援,结下了深厚的传统友谊。尽管中越间也曾有过风风雨雨,但那只是短暂的一段经历。自1991年11月中越关系正常化以来,双方在政治、经济、文教、科技等各个领域的交往与合作不断发展,相互信赖逐步增进,友好关系日益巩固和加强。本文主要阐述中越关系的背景、回顾60年的发展历程、总结两国关系的经验教训,分析影响两国关系的主要因素,对两国关系的发展进行展望。     

Effect of two types of control questions and two question formats on the outcomes of polygraph examinations

Abstract: Two major variations of polygraph “Control Question” testing, the Zone Comparison (ZoC) and the Modified General Question Test (MGQT) were evaluated. Within each, the type of control question, Exclusive or “time bar” (e.g., “Before you were 21, did you ever...”) and Nonexclusive or “no time bar”(e.g., “Did you ever….?”) was manipulated in a mock theft scenario, with 80 male and 40 female subjects randomly assigned to be either innocent or guilty. Polygraphic data collected by experienced field examiners were numerically scored by an evaluator blind to all aspects of the study. Decision accuracy was not related to the type of procedure (ZoC/MGQT) used or the subject’s sex. Accuracy was significantly related to the type of control question [χ²(2) = 11.46, p = 0.003; τc = 0.29]. Nonexclusive control questions produced greater accuracy than Exclusive control questions on both innocent and guilty subjects. These results and subjects’ self‐reports support the general “theory” on which control question (CQ) testing is based. The need for better empirical support of accepted dogma and current field practices is strongly indicated by these findings.     

Virtual autopsy and forensic anthropology of a mummified fetus: a report of one case

A jar containing the mummified body of a fetus was found in a bush near a building. Full-body multislice computed tomography (MSCT) was performed prior to autopsy to study the bones and internal organs. Age was estimated by measuring femoral and tibial lengths and examining the temporal and occipital bones. The results were then compared with the autopsy and histopathological findings. MSCT was superior to autopsy for examination of the bones and internal organs. Autopsy was difficult because of the fragility of the dried corpse. MSCT determined the gestational age of the fetus and excluded skeletal abnormalities. Estimated age was similar with the two methods used. However, the major advantage of MSCT was rapid measurement of bones or anatomical regions which are difficult to examine during autopsy and which required specific preparation for further anthropological study. This case report illustrates the possibilities offered by MSCT for studying mummified bodies, even fetuses.     

Thiodicarb and methomyl tissue distribution in a fatal multiple compounds poisoning

Abstract:  Thiodicarb is a nonsystemic carbamate insecticide whose acetylcholinesterase activity is related to its main methomyl degradation product. A 40-year-old woman was found dead in her car. Empty packages of medicines and an open bottle of Larvin^® containing thiodicarb were found near her body. No signs of violence nor traumatic injuries were noticed upon autopsy, and police investigations strongly suggested a suicide. Systematic toxicological analysis performed on postmortem specimens revealed the presence of various sedatives, hypnotics, and antipsychotic drugs in blood, urine, and gastric content. Some of the compounds identified were determined at blood concentrations well above the known therapeutic concentrations: zolpidem (2.87 mg/L), bromazepam (2.39 mg/L), nordazepam (4.21 mg/L), and levopremazine (0.64 mg/L). Specific analysis of thiodicarb and of its methomyl metabolite was then performed on all fluids and tissues collected during autopsy by liquid chromatography ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The anticholinesterase capacity of blood, urine, and gastric content collected at autopsy was 83%, 82%, and 32%, respectively (normal value: 0%). The presence of thiodicarb in the bottle found near the body corroborates the hypothesis of an intake of that compound. Although thiodicarb was only detected in gastric content (24.3 mg/L), its methomyl metabolite was quantified in most postmortem tissues and fluids: gastric content (19.9 mg/L), peripheral blood (0.7 mg/L), urine (8.5 mg/L), bile (2.7 mg/L), liver (0.7 mg/kg), kidney (1.7 mg/kg), lung (1.5 mg/kg), brain (9.3 mg/kg), and heart (3.6 mg/kg).     

Digital forensic osteology--possibilities in cooperation with the Virtopsy project

In forensic pathology, the reactions that occur in the body from somatic death to cell death are commonly termed "supravital reactions". There are many reports of grossly visible and microscopic supravital reactions; however, few papers are available on the supravital reaction concerning gene expression. The aim of this study was to examine the gene expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) including c-fos, fos-B and c-jun in mechanically asphyxiated mouse brain and lung after somatic death and to identify the IEGs expressed at the point of supravital reaction in the brain and lung. Our results confirm that the expression of IEGs changed after death during supravital reaction and that the alterations differed according to the cause of death and the types of organ examined. In addition, IEG expression significantly increased following mechanical asphyxia. These results suggest that there is a specific pattern of gene expression following asphyxia. It is therefore important to identify the specific genes involved, as this may give significant information to aid in the post-mortem diagnosis of strangulation and hanging.     

A gas chromatographic analysis of phosphine in biological material in a case of suicide

In a suicide committed using aluminium phosphide (AlP) the liberated toxic phosphine gas was detected in post-mortem specimens using a headspace gas chromatographic procedure with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector (HS-GC/NPD). At autopsy a direct sampling into airtight headspace vials for a later analysis is recommended. AlP has to be considered a potent pesticide and its use and availability should be restricted as much as possible.     

The timing of histologic changes in liver lacerations

Microscopic examination was performed on 55 cases of traumatic liver lacerations incurred from fatal motor vehicle accidents. None of the deaths was due to the liver injury. In 38 of 55 cases, the decedent was pronounced dead at the scene. Microscopic examination of the liver lacerations in these 38 cases revealed no histologic changes related to the trauma. In 17 of 55 cases, the decedent was transported to the emergency room (ER) with a "survival time" (from Emergency Medical Service arrival to the time of pronouncement) of 15 minutes to 7 hours and 10 minutes. Nine of these 17 had vital signs at the scene. Five of the 17 had neutrophilic infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis at the site of the laceration. Four of these had vitals signs at the scene. Survival time of the 5 patients with a vital reaction at their liver injury ranged from 51 minutes to 7 hours and 10 minutes.     

Spontaneous umbilical cord hematoma: an unusual cause of fetal mortality: a report of 3 cases and review of the literature

Spontaneous hematoma of the umbilical cord represents a rare cause of fetal morbidity and mortality and the outcome is poor in half of the cases. There are many risk factors, such as infections, morphologic anomalies, alterations of the vessel walls, prolapses, twisting and traction of the cord, but in many cases the causes remain unknown. We present 3 cases of umbilical cord hematoma which took place at the end of the pregnancy and were followed by perinatal death of the fetus. In the 3 cases, which were autopsied including macroscopical and histopathologic examination of the placenta and the umbilical cord, a cordonal pathology was present; in all cases, there were alterations of the vascular wall, and in the third case inflammatory vasculopathy was found. In all 3 cases, the cause of death was attributed to acute anoxia due to the cordonal hematoma.     

电击死兔骨骼肌及心肌HSP70 mRNA和c-fos mRNA表达

目的 研究电击死兔骨骼肌与心肌HSP70 mRNA和c-fos mRNA-表达变化。探究生前电击与死后电击的鉴别方法。方法 15只新西兰兔,随机分电击死组、死后电击组和对照组,每组5只,用荧光RT-PCR技术检测骨骼肌与心肌热休克蛋白70（HSP70） mRNA与c-fos mRNA表达水平,对所得结果进行统计学分析。结果 生前电击兔骨骼肌及心肌HSP70 mRNA与c-fos mRNA表达高于死后即刻电击者（P〈0．05）。结论 检测骨骼肌及心肌HSP70 mRNA与c-fos mRNA表达变化有助于于生前电击与死后电击的鉴别。     

签字笔上附着的脱落上皮细胞STR分型

目的 探讨遗留在签字笔上微量脱落细胞DNA分型的可行性以及保存时间对分型的影响.方法 17名志愿者每人使用7支签字笔,每支笔每天使用20 min,为期1个月,分别保存1、3、5、7、14、21和28 d,运用硅珠法提取签字笔上微量脱落细胞中的DNA,应用荧光标记PCR-STR技术进行DNA分型,同时采集上述17名志愿者口腔拭子作为对照,分析签字笔作为检材进行DNA分型的可行性以及保存时间对DNA分型的影响. 结果以基因座检出个数为指标,签字笔脱落细胞和口腔拭子的DNA分型结果随保存时间变化而产生的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).签字笔保存1、3、5、7、14、21和28 d后进行DNA分型检出的基因座个数与对应的口腔拭子DNA分型检出的基因座个数相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).签字笔使用后保存1 d进行DNA分型.可明确判读12个以上基因座的占41.2%. 结论签字笔上附着的微量手指脱落细胞可作为一种法庭生物检材进行DNA分型,但其保存时间会影响DNA分型.