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41.
Abdul‐Monem al‐Mashat 《The international spectator : a quarterly journal of the Istituto affari internazionali》2013,48(2):34-42
The European Commission has spelled out its policy ambition for EU energy cooperation with the southern neighbourhood with plans for the establishment of an ‘Energy Community’. Its communications make clear that an Energy Community should be based on regulatory convergence with the EU acquis communautaire, much in the same vein as the existing institution carrying the same name; the Energy Community with Southeast Europe. It is puzzling that the Commission insists on repackaging this enlargement concept in a region with very different types of relationships vis-à-vis the EU, especially when considering the lukewarm position of key stakeholders in the field. According to them, any attempt to introduce a political integration model in this highly sensitive issue area in the politically fragmented MENA region might run the risk of hurting the incremental technical integration process that has slowly emerged over the past few years. 相似文献
42.
Mohammad Abdul Munim Joarder 《发展研究杂志》2013,49(10):1332-1343
This article develops an economic model of human trafficking and migration-debt contracts. A key feature of the theoretical model is the payment of additional sums beyond the initial contracted price to alter the trafficker's queue order. These bribes are shown to be related to the level of effort applied by the trafficker. The types of data needed to rigorously test the model are discussed, together with policy implications. 相似文献
43.
Joarder Mohammad Abdul Munim Md. Mahbubul Hakim Md. Abdullah-Al-Mamun 《Economic Change and Restructuring》2010,43(4):275-302
Rapid growth in the demand for commercial energy in Bangladesh poses serious development constraints in recent years. Per
capita energy consumption of Bangladesh is one of the lowest in the world (252 kgoe in 2005). This paper undertakes an empirical
investigation to find out the trends in energy intensities by comparing the energy consumption per capita and energy consumption
per GDP for agriculture, industry, commercial, and transport sectors of Bangladesh and investigate their conditions over the
long run. Only 43% of total population has access to electricity facility. Though natural gas provides two-third of the nation’s
commercial fossil fuel supply, only 4% households have access to natural gas networks. Biomass fuels are estimated to account
for about 73% of the country’s primary energy supply. The daily electricity output totals around 3800 MW against the demand
of 6000 MW, leaving a supply crunch of 2200 MW. Natural gas has so far fuelled more than 90% of the power plants of the country.
Hydro-electricity contributes only 3% of the total energy supply in Bangladesh. More than 90% of the oil and petroleum products
are imported. The country has a substantial potential for coal, most of which has yet to be explored. Overall energy intensity
increased approximately twofold from 1980 to 2005. The findings of the study show that change in energy intensity is due to
structural effect, while increase in aggregate energy consumption is due to both the activity effect and structural effect.
Renewable energy sources will largely mitigate the dire energy crisis in rural areas of Bangladesh. Over 400,000 Solar Home
Systems (SHSs) have been installed so far, benefiting over 4 million rural people. More fiscal and other incentives should
be included in the recently formulated Renewable Energy Policy to investors for rapid development of clean energy. In addition,
regional cooperation should be enhanced specially in case of hydro-power and natural gas. Finally, coal based power plant
should be set up as early as possible. 相似文献
44.
In line with its Vision 2020, Malaysia has been implementing a series of ‘quality’ reforms in its higher education sector (Sirat, 2010). For critics, these reforms are driven by an ideological shift from the idea that knowledge is a “public good” (Dzulkifli, 2011, p. 28). This study explores whether the use of ‘standards’ as governance forms would lead Malaysia towards “identity formation”, i.e. the creation of a culture-based knowledge society, or direct it towards “knowledge shopping”, i.e. the commodification of higher education. This article concludes that Malaysian higher education governance is more oriented towards “knowledge shopping” than “identity formation.” 相似文献
45.
Netherlands International Law Review - 相似文献
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Pardis Moslemzadeh Tehrani Nazura Abdul ManapAuthor VitaeHossein TajiAuthor Vitae 《Computer Law & Security Report》2013
With the widespread concerns about cyber terrorism and the frequent use of the term “cyber terrorism” at the present time, many international organisations have made efforts to combat this threat. Since cyber terrorism is an international crime, local regulations alone are not able to defend against such attacks; they require a transnational response. Therefore, an attacked country will invoke international law to seek justice for any damage caused, through the exercise of universal jurisdiction. Without the aid of international organisations, it is difficult to prevent cyber terrorism. At the same time, international organisations determine which state court, or international court, has the authority to settle a dispute. The objective of this paper is to analyse and review the effectiveness and sufficiency of the current global responses to cyber terrorism through the exercise of international jurisdiction. This article also touches upon the notion of cyber terrorism as a transnational crime and an international threat; thus, national regulations alone cannot prevent it. The need for an international organisation to prevent and defend nations from cyber terrorism attacks is pressing. This paper finds that, as cyber terrorism is a transnational crime, it should be subjected to universal jurisdiction through multinational cooperation, and this would be the most suitable method to counter future transnational crimes such as cyber terrorism. 相似文献