多方合作与共赢:提高农村社区公共品供给能力之路

本文就我国农村社区公共品供给主体、范围和特点进行了讨论,分析了目前农村社区公共品供给状况、问题及原因。本文认为,增加农村社区公共品供给,仅靠政府财政供给,或者完全由农民承担,都是不现实的;需要各方通力合作,提高供给能力,达到共赢的目的。为此,需要明确政府对农村社区公共品供给职责,完善合作供给机制,大力发展农村社区非营利组织,培养志愿者精神,建立健全法律制度。     

Deaths associated with choking in San Diego county

Death from choking is the fourth most common cause of unintentional-injury mortality, but little data are published on causes or locations of these episodes. These deaths typically are peaked at the extremes of age, with young children and the elderly having the greatest rate of fatal choking. Our objective was to characterize the causes of fatal airway obstruction in adults. The San Diego County Medical Examiner's database was searched for deaths attributed to choking in decedents 18 years and older during the 10-year period from 1994 to 2004. Data were abstracted regarding the underlying medical conditions, items choked on, location of the choking, and treatments involved in the individual cases. We found 133 victims who died from choking, with 14% having using alcohol or other sedatives and 55% having a documented neurological deficit or anatomic difficulty with swallowing. The most common specified food objects that victims choked on were meat products, and 45% occurred at home, followed by 26% at supervised facilities, and 14% at restaurants. Of the 19 choking episodes occurring in restaurants, only one employee was documented to attempt a resuscitative effort. Most victims who choked to death had an underlying neurological deficit, and occurred at home or supervised facilities appear to have an appropriate initial-response intervention.     

Interpreting results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens: a review of the literature

We searched the scientific literature for articles dealing with postmortem aspects of ethanol and problems associated with making a correct interpretation of the results. A person's blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) and state of inebriation at the time of death is not always easy to establish owing to various postmortem artifacts. The possibility of alcohol being produced in the body after death, e.g. via microbial contamination and fermentation is a recurring issue in routine casework. If ethanol remains unabsorbed in the stomach at the time of death, this raises the possibility of continued local diffusion into surrounding tissues and central blood after death. Skull trauma often renders a person unconscious for several hours before death, during which time the BAC continues to decrease owing to metabolism in the liver. Under these circumstances blood from an intracerebral or subdural clot is a useful specimen for determination of ethanol. Bodies recovered from water are particular problematic to deal with owing to possible dilution of body fluids, decomposition, and enhanced risk of microbial synthesis of ethanol. The relationship between blood and urine-ethanol concentrations has been extensively investigated in autopsy specimens and the urine/blood concentration ratio might give a clue about the stage of alcohol absorption and distribution at the time of death. Owing to extensive abdominal trauma in aviation disasters (e.g. rupture of the viscera), interpretation of BAC in autopsy specimens from the pilot and crew is highly contentious and great care is needed to reach valid conclusions. Vitreous humor is strongly recommended as a body fluid for determination of ethanol in postmortem toxicology to help establish whether the deceased had consumed ethanol before death. Less common autopsy specimens submitted for analysis include bile, bone marrow, brain, testicle, muscle tissue, liver, synovial and cerebrospinal fluids. Some investigators recommend measuring the water content of autopsy blood and if necessary correcting the concentration of ethanol to a mean value of 80% w/w, which corresponds to fresh whole blood. Alcoholics often die at home with zero or low BAC and nothing more remarkable at autopsy than a fatty liver. Increasing evidence suggests that such deaths might be caused by a pronounced ketoacidosis. Recent research has focused on developing various biochemical tests or markers of postmortem synthesis of ethanol. These include the urinary metabolites of serotonin and non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol, such as ethyl glucuronide, phosphatidylethanol and fatty acid ethyl esters. This literature review will hopefully be a good starting point for those who are contemplating a fresh investigation into some aspect of postmortem alcohol analysis and toxicology.     

社区创新社会管理的经验与挑战——以深圳桃源居社区为例

加强和创新社会管理的基础在社区。本文以深圳桃源居社区为例,深入剖析了社区创新社会管理的经验与挑战。桃源居社区通过创新理念,积极培育了社区社会组织;通过构建多元参与的机制,创新了社区社会治理的模式;通过创新社区管理方法,建设了社区骨干人才队伍;通过资源整合模式创新,解决了长期以来社区公共服务供给不足的难题。     

新农村建设中的地方政府学习:动因、模式与效果

近年来,在新农村建设中各级地方政府开展了广泛的、各式各样的学习活动。虽然地方政府学习的重要意义已经得到人们的普遍认识,但是地方政府学习的动因、模式和效果等问题仍有待于进一步的研究。本文研究发现,地方政府面临的制度环境、政治体制、竞争压力是学习的首要原因,上级政府、科研机构等思想库、其他地区的实践、本地的试验是地方政府的主要学习源,环境的相似性、学习能力与偏好、政策项目特征等是影响地方政府学习效果的重要因素。地方政府通过学习提高了政府绩效,却也造成了负面的社会效果,需要通过改革和多种激励措施推动地方政府学习、提高地方政府学习能力,从而在根本上提高地方政府学习的社会效果。     

海上阻禁大规模杀伤性武器扩散运输的合法性

海上阻禁大规模杀伤性武器扩散运输是一种新出现的反扩散措施,具有不同于传统防扩散的特点。创造性运用港口国管辖、沿海国管辖和船旗国管辖机制的阻禁符合海洋法和防扩散国际法,公海阻禁则缺乏足够法律支持。美国总统奥巴马制度化防扩散安全倡议可能使海上阻禁成为一项新的国际法制度。