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The forensic toxicology community has recognized flunitrazepam and its metabolite (7-aminoflunitrazepam) as compounds of concern for several years. In this procedure, the analytes were extracted from whole blood and urine onto single mode solid phase cartridges (butyl) using nitrazepam as an internal standard. The columns were washed with distilled water and hexane. All three compounds were eluted from the sorbent using an ethyl acetate-methanol solvent mixture. After collection and evaporation of the solvent, the residue was dissolved in A, 0.1% (v/v) aqueous trifluoroacetic acid for HPLC-PDA analysis or B, ethyl acetate for derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA) for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring, SIM). A limit of quantitation for this method using HPLC-PDA was found to be 5 and 1.0 ng mL(-1) by SIM. 相似文献
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Geller JL Fisher WH Grudzinskas AJ Clayfield JC Lawlor T 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2006,29(6):551-562
In American jurisprudence, two justifications have traditionally been put forth to support the government's social control of persons with mental illness: police power and parens patriae. As public mental hospitals became less available as loci in which to exercise these functions, governments sought alternative means to achieve the same ends. One prominent but quite controversial means is involuntary outpatient treatment (IOT). While the concerns about IOT have been myriad, one often alluded to but never documented is that of "net-widening." That is, once IOT became available, it would be applied to an ever greater number of individuals, progressively expanding the margins of the designated population to whom it is applied, despite the formal standard for its application remaining constant. We tested the net-widening belief in a naturalistic experiment in Massachusetts. We found that net-widening did not occur, despite an environment strongly conducive to that expansion. At this time, whatever the arguments against IOT might be, net-widening should not be one of them. 相似文献
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Information,intelligence, enlightened public policy: Functions and organization of societal feedback
Albert D. Biderman 《Policy Sciences》1970,1(1):217-230
Normative properties which make social statistics useful as social indicators are illuminated by considering the functions systematic social knowledge has at various levels of social organization and the involvements of actors at these various levels in roles which result in such knowledge. Modes and degrees of generalization which make knowledge useful for action at the lowest levels of social organization (information) or for administration at intermediate bureaucratic levels (intelligence) are not necessarily applicable to the formation of broad social policy (policy knowledge) or for affecting the general conceptions of the social world held by broad public (enlightenment). The latter two functions are not always well served by data which have been collected and ordered by systems primarily responsive to the former two functions.Portions of this paper were presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York City, 6 September 1969 and at a Colloquium on Urban Intelligence Systems at the Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University, 17 April, 1969. 相似文献
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Claude Beauregard Albert Dumas 《Canadian public administration. Administration publique du Canada》2004,47(2):207-224
Sommaire: Le Vérificateur général du Québec (VGQ) par ses vérifications d'optimisation des ressources (VOR) exerce, une influence croissante sur l'administration publique québécoise. La pertinence et la crédibilité sont les pierres d'assise de ses décisions. Pour être pertinent, le VGQ a adopté l'approche de la déficience appréhendée, qui cible des situations problématiques au lieu de cibler des entités. Tout au cours du processus de vérification, cette approche amène le VGQ à s'assurer que la déficience est réelle, sinon il interrompt la VOR La vérification implique notamment la comparaison de la situation avec une norme. Afin d'être crédible le vérificateur en réalisant une VOR, développe sa norme par une approche d'étalonnage. Nous avons constaté que le VGQ s'adapte à l'évolution de l'administration publique. La nouvelle Loi stir l'administration publique québécoise exige des rapports de performance des entités publiques. Si ces dernière jouent le rôe prévu par la loi, le VGQ devra probablement les certifier. Cette tâche, vu son arnpleur, constituera un véritable défi pour le VGQ. Abstract: The Quebec Auditor General (QAG), through value‐for‐money audits (VFMA), is having a growing impact on the Quebec public administration, with relevance and credibility being the cornerstones of its decisions. To be relevant, the QAG has adopted the “apprehended deficiency” approach that targets problem situations instead of entities. Accordingly, throughout the audit process, the QAG must ensure that the deficiency is real otherwise the VFMA must be terminated. The audit process includes a comparison of the situation against a standard. In addition, to be credible when conducting a VFMA, the auditor must develop a standard by means of benchmarking. We have found that the QAG is adapting to the changes taking place in public administration. Quebec's new Public Administration Act requires performance reports from public entities. If these reports play their statutory role, they will probably need to be certified by the QAG. This task, given its scope, will represent a real challenge for the QAG. 相似文献