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261.
The role of governmental risk aversion in the decision to privatize the production of goods and services has not been examined closely. Using a model of a risk-averse, single-service Niskanen bureaucrat, we determine the conditions under which a bureaucrat will prefer to privatize rather than produce in-house. If the private-sector firm is risk neutral, the result will be a fixed-fee contract with complete insurance. If the private-sector firm is risk averse, the result will be a cost-plus contract with the degree of cost sharing determined by the bureaucrat's share of total risk aversion. In both cases, the bureaucrat's sponsor may affect the likelihood of privatization by manipulating the rewards and penalties imposed on the bureaucrat. 相似文献
262.
John E. Kersell Albert Brookson Louis L. Duzanson R. A. Groeneveldt Xander Arts 《公共行政管理与发展》1993,13(1):49-64
Divided between France and Holland since 1648, the small island community of St Martin has grown and prospered in recent decades largely because of tourism. France which incorporates its part, Saint Martin, as a municipality in the Department of Guadeloupe has been generous with public funds and tax concessions to those who invest in the dependency. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, the governments of its constituent parts (Holland and the Netherlands Antilles), has been more generous with authority than with money. So Dutch Sint Maarten has enjoyed much greater political and administrative autonomy than its northern neighbour, but it has to depend on investment from private interests, American and European. Indeed, it has lacked sufficient public capital even for infrastructure and social services, including education. The governments of both sides have neglected joint planning and other coordinated efforts to develop the island. The Dutch side has been committed to laissez-faire private enterprise and so personnel development in the public service has been minimal. This has disposed the government of the French side to limit joint ventures with the Dutch government. The population is large enough and the revenues are high enough to provide adequate numbers of public officials, but tourism has attracted, in the 1970s and 80s, many of the more able and ambitious. These considerations set the two sides of St Martin apart from other West Indian micro-states, most of which have not experienced as much success in developing and maintaining tourism. St Martin is unique in another way. It is different from other English-speaking islands because of its French and Dutch institutions. It is quite different from other French and Dutch islands (Saba and St Eustatius excepted) because of the English language and other cultural influences. 相似文献
263.
Methoxetamine ((RS)2‐(3‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐(ethylamino)cyclohexanone)) is becoming a drug of interest among practitioners of forensic toxicology. In this case report, we describe the case background, standard field sobriety tests, sampling, and analysis of this drug in a whole blood sample as well as screening methods and analysis from a driver operating under the influence of intoxicating substances. Methoxetamine was isolated from the blood sample using mixed mode solid phase extraction. After elution and evaporation, the residue was dissolved in mobile phase (consisting of acetonitrile and aqueous formic acid) for analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The case sample was found to contain clonazepam, 7‐aminoclonazepam, carboxy‐THC, Ddphenhydramine, and MDMA. The case sample was found to contain 10 ng/mL of the drug (methoxetamine) in whole blood. The results of this drug analysis and previous analyses are discussed in terms of this driver operating under the influence of drugs. 相似文献
264.
Albert W. Alschuler 《The Journal of legal history》2013,34(1):91-97
The Usatges of Barcelona: The Fundamental Law of Catalonia. Donald J. Kagay (Trans. and ed.). Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1995. xii + 140pp. (inc. Index). £28.40 hb/£12.95 pb. ISBN 0 8122 3256 9/0 8122 1535 4. Medieval Canon Law. James A. Brundage. London and New York. 1995. Longman, xii + 260 pp. (inc. Index). £12.99 pb. ISBN 0 582 09356 2. Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England. J. Kermode and G. Walker (eds.). London. 1994. UCL Press, viii + 216pp. (incl. Index). £35 hb/£11.95 pb. IBSN 1 85728 140 3/1 85728 141 1. Law and English Railway Capitalism 1825–1875. R.W. Kostal. Oxford. 1994. Clarendon Press, xii + 417 pp. (incl. Index) £45 hb. ISBN 0 19 825671 X. Victorian Insolvency; Bankruptcy, Imprisonment for Debt, and Company Winding‐Up in Nineteenth‐Century England. V. Markham Lester. Oxford. 1995. Clarendon Press, xiii + 354 pp. (incl. Index). £40 hb. ISBN 0 19 820518 X. 相似文献
265.
266.
Ashenfelter Orley; Collins William J.; Yoon Albert 《American Law and Economics Review》2006,8(2):213-248
The public profile of the Brown v. Board of Education decisiontends to overshadow the well-established fact that racial disparitiesin school resources in the South began narrowing 20 years beforethe Brown decision and that school desegregation did not beginon a large scale in the Deep South until ten years after theBrown decision. We instead view Brown as a highly visible markerof public policys mid-century reversal on matters ofrace. When we examine the labor market outcomes of male workersin 1990, we find that southern-born blacks who would have finishedtheir schooling just before effective desegregation occurredin the South fared poorly compared to southern-born blacks whofollowed behind them in school by just a few years, relativeto northern-born blacks in same age cohorts. 相似文献
267.
David B. Audretsch Barry Bozeman Kathryn L. Combs Maryann Feldman Albert N. Link Donald S. Siegel Paula Stephan Gregory Tassey Charles Wessner 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2002,27(2):155-203
This paper provides a non-technical, accessible introduction to various topics in the burgeoning literature on the economics of science and technology. This is an interdisciplinary literature, drawing on the work of scholars in the fields of economics, public policy, sociology and management. The aim of this paper is to foster a deeper appreciation of the economic importance of science and technology issues. We also hope to stimulate additional research on these topics. 相似文献
268.
269.
This article introduces the socio-anthropological concept of international representations to examine the relationship between a civilizational rhetoric, the West European and the international politics of otherization and containment of Southeast Europe, and an essentialist and timeless bias in international relations theory, including both radical and constructivist trends. We first explore the different narrative perspectives on the Balkan wars from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century. Their subsequent problematization is aimed at challenging the way they have constructed commonplace and time-worn representations, which international society shares with different consequences in international affairs. This is a limited conception since international representations as a socio-anthropological concept are always socially, culturally and politically constructed, contested and negotiated. They do not neutrally refer to a reality in the world; they create a reality of their own. Moreover, this limited conception ignores the fact that how, by whom and in whose interest international representations are constructed is itself a form of power in international relations. Therefore, the way international representations are constructed can be problematized as an example of political and ideological projects that operate in the West as well as in the Southeast European countries that are the object of Western foreign policy. 相似文献
270.
Albert?M.?KopakEmail author Norman?G.?Hoffmann Steven?L.?Proctor 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2016,41(1):14-30
Substance use treatment programs for criminal justice populations have great potential for crime reduction, if they can effectively manage patients’ risk for relapse and rearrest. The current study used data drawn from the Comprehensive Assessment and Treatment Outcome Research (CATOR) system, a national registry of substance use treatment programs, which collected patient outcome data at 6- and 12-month intervals following discharge from treatment. The primary objective was to examine sets of factors that may compromise relapse and rearrest outcomes among patients who were court mandated to participate in treatment. Findings demonstrated that patients’ clinical severity of substance use was associated with relapse, which also significantly increased the probability of post-treatment arrest. Adolescent risk behaviors represented another set of risk factors, particularly among patients who experienced the most severe pattern of relapse and arrest outcomes. Additionally, demographic risk factors, including age, marital status (i.e., single or unmarried relative to married), employment (i.e., being unemployed compared to employed), and lower educational attainment were consistently linked to higher probabilities of relapse and rearrest. Treatment programs for criminal justice populations should consider incorporating appropriate clinical risk assessment measures, behavioral risk assessments, and appropriate employment interventions into standard treatment programming in an effort to improve outcomes. 相似文献