Intellectual Property,Access to Medicines,and Health: New Research Horizons

In this introduction, we review the literature on intellectual property rights and access to medicines, identifying two distinct generations of research. The first generation analyzes the origins of new intellectual property rules, in particular the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and the significance of TRIPS to developing countries. The second generation examines national-level experiences, as countries adjust their laws and practices to conform to TRIPS. Based on the insights provided by the articles in the special issue, we contribute to the second generation by considering a pair of overarching sets of issues. First, we highlight the domestic political challenges that affect how countries go about implementing their new obligations under TRIPS. We argue that alliances and coalitions are necessary to underpin the use of policy instruments designed to conform to TRIPS while taking into account local conditions and needs, and we present insights that allow us to understand why alliances and coalitions are difficult to construct and sustain in this area. Second, we explain why policies that many countries adopt in response to TRIPS often do not generate their desired or intended outcomes. In the last section of the introduction, we review the articles that appear in this special issue.     

Youth Work in Croatia: Collecting Pieces for a Mosaic

This article explores the historical development of youth work in Croatia. By drawing from available data and personal experience, we describe three key phases of youth work development in a post-conflict country: (a) the period of the early 1990s as a “direct peace building" youth work; (b) the rise of nonformal education during the mid and late 1990s; and (c) the growth of a networked youth sector and its focus on youth policy advocacy starting in 2000. In addition, we refer to today's context, particularly because of its project-management orientation. Such categorization highlights various practices that we consider to represent youth work in a specific and contested national framework. Work with young people with fewer opportunities is being presented as a case, building on our observation that contemporary youth work continues to be embedded in civil society development and nonformal education, facing challenges of funding-driven discourse and unsystematic support.     

审查起诉中犯罪嫌疑人权益的保护

审查起诉中倒签期日与预借期间侵犯犯罪嫌疑人期限利益,讯问形式化侵犯犯罪嫌疑人诉前申辩权利,滥用延长审查起诉期限及退回补充侦查的规定变相延长羁押期限,限制律师与犯罪嫌疑人会见侵犯犯罪嫌疑人的辩护权。解决这些问题,需要强化人权保障的立法工作,为犯罪嫌疑人合法权益提供规范保障;强化司法者现代法治理念教育,为犯罪嫌疑人权益的保护提供主体保障;强化部门监督机制的建立与健全,做好犯罪嫌疑人权益保护的制度保障。     

Der Europ?ische Gerichtshof als Motor der Integration: Eine akteursbezogene Erkl?rung

For nearly five decades, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has developed a decisively pro-European case law and has become the ??engine of integration??. Institutional explanations shed light on the Court??s room for manoevre. They have to be complemented by actor-centered explanations that shed light on the judges?? motives of action. The explanation offered by the following paper is unfolded in two steps. In the first one, the article describes idiosyncrasies of the European law discourse that already shaped the judges before they were appointed. The analysis of the idiosyncrasies corresponds to a scepticism towards the idea of national sovereignty, a belief in the necessity of creative and idealist, law-augmenting judges and a dominance of output-oriented legitimization strategies. In a second step, the article shows that in the sociological sense the ECJ judges constitute a group. While the individual judges share an understanding of the aims and functions of European law, the group develops its own identity and grants status to those who perform successful actions with respect to the common integration agenda. This explanation is more realistic than ??rational choice?? explanations which point to the direct and personal benefits that judges derive from their pro-European case law.     

“法”与“刑”之异同

古"刑"字有两种写法:"W刂"和"井刂"。"W刂"指断颈斩首的刑罚,"井刂"指作为法制的刑法,但后代因混淆而模糊,至清代已皆写成"刑"。《尚书.吕刑》中"惟作五虐之刑曰法"一语是记苗民以"刑"为"法"之罪,不能据以认为苗民创制了刑法。《尚书》中,虞谈法,士论刑;《论语》中,孔子将政法与道德并列对举,将刑与礼并列对举,从中可看出"法"与"刑"的区别。上古各代法籍很多,并非都是刑法。即便是商鞅的"赏诛之法",其赏罚之中,刑也只是法的一个方面。汉代的政界和学界混淆了"法"和"刑",但中国社会并没有从此就忽略了"法"与"刑"的区别。     

天之德化--论泛道德之境与天人之思的乖悖

学术界的天人合一论,有两种走向,一是依主与客二元观建立的"命题性"天人合一论,二是拿"天人合一"当作基本概念(范畴)的解释性天人合一观.而中国古代思想文献和传统思想文化中的"天"是道德形而上学化的结果,天人关系具有泛道德化的统一性.用后一种天人合一观来解释中国古代思想文化亦无不可,但用前一种命题性天人合一论来概括中国古代思想文化的特质,就会产生思想史无法厘清的混乱,遮蔽中国古代思想文化的特质.     

What does “knock and announce” mean? An analysis of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Wilson v. Arkansas</Emphasis> and its progeny

The U.S. Supreme Court held in Wilson v. Arkansas (1994) that the common law “knock-and-announce” principle formed part of the “reasonableness” inquiry under the Fourth Amendment. However, the Court’s opinion gave little guidance as to what would be unreasonable under these circumstances. Some critics expressed concern that this lack of guidance would lead to many variations among lower courts. Other observers discerned a signal that little should be deemed “unreasonable” in the context of “knock and announce.” These criticisms are analyzed through a review of lower court interpretations of Wilson.     

Perceived fairness of drug-testing policies: An application of Leventhal’s principles of procedural justice

Employees rate the fairness of organizational policies by applying principles of distributive and procedural justice. Using Leventhal’s (1980) Principles of Procedural Justice, the current study surveyed 279 upper-level college and graduate students to determine the impact each principle has on support for drugtesting policies. The results support the hypothesis that drug-testing programs that violate these principles are viewed as unfair.