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991.
This article analyzes class actions as a technology that groups may use in their rent-seeking activity, in addition to other
rent-seeking methods such as legislative investment within the political market, when they seek to achieve favorable decisions
from decision-makers—courts and legislators. It claims that groups may make their choice between various rent-seeking technologies
according to their sensitivity to the problem of free riding. Therefore, it analyzes the effect of the legal instruments that
facilitate class action lawsuits and collective litigation in most countries upon the rent-seeking strategies of groups, as
compared to rent-seeking through legislation. 相似文献
992.
Stephan Muehlbacher Erich Kirchler Herbert Schwarzenberger 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2011,32(1):89-97
The “slippery slope” framework is an alternative approach for research in tax compliance that suggests two key variables to
obtain taxpayers’ compliance: trust and power. Furthermore, two forms of compliance are distinguished. It is hypothesized
that voluntary compliance depends primarily on trust in authorities, whereas enforced compliance is a function of the power
attributed to authorities. Using a large data set (N = 3,071) on taxpayers from Austria, the United Kingdom, and the Czech
Republic, these hypotheses could be confirmed. Furthermore, whereas voluntary compliance seems to be positively related to
age and education, enforced compliance is negatively related to education. 相似文献
993.
This paper considers enhancements of a comparatively new method to detect cartels, the System of Cartel Markers (SCM), introduced
by Blanckenburg and Geist (Int Adv Econ Res 15(4):421–436, 2009). The aim of SCM is to find illegal collusion on legal markets with observable market data. It uses expected behavior patterns
such as low level of capacity utilization, slackness of price adjustments to exogenous shocks, excess rates of return, nearly
constant capacities, less price changes and lower variance of capacity growth rate. However, the testing of cost efficiency
is lacking so far. Following Leibenstein’s (Am Econ Rev 56:392–415, 1966) X-inefficiency theory, we assume that cartel members face lower competition and hence, tend to be less cost efficient. Therefore,
we enhance SCM and use cost efficiency as a further marker in order to detect cartels. We apply SCM to the German cement cartel
and find empirical support for some markers. The proposed methodology may be used for antitrust screening and regulatory purposes. 相似文献
994.
The harm caused by many acts is not certain but probabilistic. Current public enforcement of the law combines harm-based sanctions
(usually in criminal law) with act-based sanctions (very common in administrative law and regulation). We propose an economic
theory of the choice between harm-based and act-based sanctions in public enforcement. The efficiency of act-based versus
harm-based sanctions is analyzed and a typology of the determinants is drawn up. Our model suggests that harm-based sanctions
are more efficient when (1) acquiring information about the act is important, (2) engaging in harm avoidance activities is
advisable, (3) judgment-proofness is not a very significant problem, (4) punishment is especially costly, (5) changes in law
are expensive or difficult to negotiate and (6) on average, potential criminals are better informed than the government about
losses for society. Legal policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
995.
Jacopo Torriti 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2011,31(3):307-320
The idea behind evidence-based instruments for policy-making is to provide objective information regarding the costs, benefits
and risks involved in legislative proposals. An example of these instruments is the integrated Impact Assessment system, which
has been in place in EU policy-making since 2003. Impact Assessments are designed according to rational decision models and
aim to enhance the neutrality and objectivity of policy-making. This paper draws a comparison between the rational paradigm
emerging from the EU template and the empirical evaluations carried out to date on Impact Assessments. It questions the conventional
concept of Impact Assessments as rational policy-making instruments, because of the influential roles played by individual
knowledge and data quality. 相似文献
996.
997.
Kelsey Michael Bradshaw Brad Donohue Chad Cross Jessica Urgelles Daniel N. Allen 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(7):545-549
Parental dissatisfaction with children appears to be associated with child maltreatment. However, little is known regarding the specific domains of parental dissatisfaction that may increase child maltreatment potential, particularly in perpetrators of child maltreatment where substance abuse is present. In this study, responses to the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) and a scale measuring parental satisfaction in 11 domains were examined in a sample of 82 mothers who were referred for treatment of substance abuse and child neglect by the local child protective service agency. Results indicated that mothers were relatively most satisfied with their children overall, and least satisfied in domains that were relevant to discipline (i.e., following house rules, compliance, reaction to redirection and punishment, completion of chores). Five of the 11 areas of parental satisfaction that were assessed evidenced negative correlations with child abuse potential, indicating that as satisfaction increased, abuse potential decreased. However, when correlation analyses excluded participants with elevated CAPI Lie scale scores (a measure of social desirability), only overall happiness demonstrated a significant negative correlation with child abuse potential. These results suggest that while associations are present among measures of parental satisfaction and child abuse potential, these associations are moderated to some extent by social desirability, which may help explain some of the inconsistencies reported in prior studies of parental satisfaction and child maltreatment potential. 相似文献
998.
Elisa Salvador 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(2):203-232
In recent years there has been an increasing focus on universities’entrepreneurial orientation and their ability to exploit
and transfer scientific knowledge to the commercial sector. Spin-off firms are recognised as an important opportunity for
universities. This paper aims to examine the university spin-off firm context, with particular attention to the relationship
with science parks-incubators and their importance as brand names. Evidence is taken from Turin case-study. Turin has a consolidated
university framework: the University and the Polytechnic are examples of success all around Europe. A particular characteristic
of Turin is given by the presence of two science and technology parks and two incubators. 相似文献
999.
Christina Elschner Christof Ernst Georg Licht Christoph Spengel 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(3):233-256
Most industrialized countries apply special tax incentives to boost the R&D expenditures of firms. This study considers the
design of such R&D tax incentives as applied in the European Union and simulates its effect on the post-tax R&D expenditures
of firms in different industries and different profit/loss-situations by means of the simulation model European Tax Analyzer.
Any restrictions and progressive tax incentives are explicitly taken into account. Our results indicate that for designing
and measuring public support to R&D it is often not sufficient to focus only on tax rate effects of R&D tax incentives and
the design of a tax incentive must be in accordance with the framing tax system in order to be effective. As soon as there
are any limitations in place, our results suggest a considerably lower impact of R&D tax incentives on the post-tax R&D expenditures
than the commonly used B-Index by the OECD. The results clearly illustrate the beneficial impact of immediate cash refunds
for unused tax incentives. 相似文献
1000.
Regional prosperity increasingly depends on a region’s capacity to have command over the production of ideas. Measuring the
production of ideas with patents, the objective of this paper is to analyze how the number of utility patents granted to inventors
in U.S. States in different technologies changed between 1997 and 2007 and how States took advantage of the new opportunities
and adapted to the changing technology landscape. The paper uses shift-share analysis, traditionally used in employment studies,
for analyzing change in patents by technology categories developed by the NBER. The shift-share results show that only a few
states were able to take advantage of the information technology driven increases in patents. California dominates in patent
production and may be providing spillover benefits to neighboring states. The shift-share decompositions are used as variables
in a fixed-effect panel-regression model of state economic growth. The regression results show that the shift-share decompositions
provide statistically significant information in explaining growth after accounting for a State’s stock of patents, suggesting
that States should concentrate on effective ways to boost their stock of knowledge in rapidly growing technologies to improve
state economic growth. 相似文献