Evaluation of technology transfer strategy of petrochemical process

In this paper we present technology transfer strategy of petrochemical process to Iranian industries. Petrochemical industries import requested technology by some known strategies such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Licensing, Joint Venture (JV), Turn-key, Reverse Engineering (RE) and Research & Development (RD). The strengths and weaknesses of each strategy was evaluated according to our situation and condition. In first step, the related literature and previous studies we investigated to find indexes for technology transfer of petrochemical process. By prepared questionnaire and referring to petrochemical experts, through AHP method, the significance of indexes related to each strategy was evaluated and analyzed. The result shows that make JV with an International company who owns the know-how technology and strong background in requested technology, will help us to succeed in our investment. Licensing, also, is an appropriate alternative for some technology transferring projects that no JV could be created.     

Export Response to Technical Barriers to Trade: Firm-Level Evidence from Pakistan

This study empirically examines the responses of trade margins to a battery of technical barriers to trade (TBT) and explores the mechanism, drivers and speed of adjustment. It uses a highly-disaggregated transaction-level dataset of mango-exporting firms from Pakistan and exploits a quasi-natural experiment in the identification strategy. It finds that, following the application of TBT measures, exports increased along the intensive margins. The process of adjustment took around four years, and larger quantities as well as higher prices drive this effect. Moreover, firms shrink their client base in destination markets but ship large quantities to a few big retailers.     

Egypt's multiproduct agricultural technology and agricultural policy

Based on the hypothesis that Egyptian farmers maximise economic profits, the multiproduct translog profit function is used to estimate input demand and output supply functions for corn, rice, and cotton crops grown in Egypt's Nile delta. Elasticity estimates indicate a generally high degree of price responsiveness. The estimates are used to evaluate Egyptian agricultural policies concerning labour, mechanisation, and output prices. The results show that Egypt's agricultural policies of taxing output and subsidising certain inputs have hada substantial negative impact on agricultural productivity.     

改革大学英语教学培养学生社会文化能力

随着科技、文化、经济交流的发展,社会对大学生英语应用能力要求越来越高,作为高等教育中一门重要的基础课程,大学英语的教学效果正受到普遍关注。我们应树立新的教学观念,改革传统教学模式,致力培养具有社会文化能力的复合型人才。     

LESSONS FOR THE US SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL ARBITRATION： A RESPONSIVE EMPIRICAL EXPLORATION OF ARBITRATION AND OMBUDSMAN SERVICES

The United States largely relies on a system of arbitration to handle retail consumer financial disputes. This approach has undergone significant challenges in recent yearsparticularly in light of recent abuses of consumer credit arbitration mechanisms. This paper reports on the result of a non-randomized smalLn survey which we label the ＂Financial Dispute Study＂ aiming at evaluating the relative effectiveness of two major approaches to financial dispute resolution -- arbitration and ombudsman services. Nearly a hundred survey questionnaires were distributed to financial dispute resolution practitioners throughout the world. A total of forty-eight arbitrators and ombudsmen from East Asia, North America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa responded. In the Study the participants were asked how practitioners viewed the level of satisfaction, settlement rate and perceived increase or decrease in the use of the given method of financial dispute resolution -- whether arbitration or ombudsman service.