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871.
在西部大开发的战略性基点上 ,具有核心意义的问题不是区域经济问题而是民族发展问题。西部少数民族问题与农民问题的交织 ,使城乡结构调整与城市化发展成为实现西部大开发战略意义的最基本和最迫切的问题。应突破以往的城市化思路和模式 ,以制度创新作为整个战略选择的基点并把中等城市的发展作为主攻方向 ,才能真正实现西部大开发的战略性意义 相似文献
872.
Roewer L Kayser M de Knijff P Anslinger K Betz A Caglià A Corach D Füredi S Henke L Hidding M Kärgel HJ Lessig R Nagy M Pascali VL Parson W Rolf B Schmitt C Szibor R Teifel-Greding J Krawczak M 《Forensic science international》2000,114(1):31-43
A 9-locus microsatellite framework (minimal haplotype), previously developed for forensic purposes so as to facilitate stain analysis, personal identification and kinship testing, has been adopted for the establishment of a large reference database of male European Y-chromosomal haplotypes. The extent of population stratification pertaining to this database, an issue crucial for its practical forensic application, was assessed through analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the 20 regional samples included. Despite the notion of some significant haplotype frequency differences, which were found to correlate with known demographic and historic features of Europeans, AMOVA generally revealed a high level of genetic homogeneity among the populations analyzed. Owing to their high diversity, however, accurate frequency estimation is difficult for Y-STR haplotypes when realistic (i.e. moderately sized) datasets are being used. As expected, strong pair-wise and higher order allelic associations were found to exist between all markers studied, implying that haplotype frequencies cannot be estimated as products of allele frequencies. A new extrapolation method was therefore developed which treats haplotype frequencies as random variables and generates estimates of the underlying distribution functions on the basis of closely related haplotypes. This approach, termed frequency 'surveying', is based upon standard population genetics theory and can in principle be applied to any combination of markers located on the Y-chromosome or in the mitochondrial genome. Application of the method to the quality assured reference Y-STR haplotype database described herein will prove very useful for the evaluation of positive trace-donor matches in forensic casework. 相似文献
873.
An analysis is given of Kantorovich's method of resolving multipliers. It is shown that the method is equivalent to a parametric method but that it is also equivalent with the simplex method with a special rule for the choice of the new basic variable. 相似文献
874.
Brenda Dawson Armando de Armas Melanie L. McGrath Jeffrey A. Kelly 《Journal of family violence》1986,1(3):209-221
Child neglect, the failure to adequately meet a youngster's care needs, is the most frequent form of child maltreatment reported to welfare authorities. However, there have been few empirical reports of treatment outcomes for adjudicated, child neglectful parents. In the current study, an initial assessment of three neglectful parents revealed substantial deficits in cognitive problem-solving skills related to child care judgment. Treatment, consisting of modeling, shaping, practice, and feedback was used to improve each parent's child care problem-solving skills in a multiple baseline design. Skill enhancement was also found for untrained (generalization) problem situations, and independent caseworker ratings of each family's functioning provided external validation of the intervention's clinical impact. 相似文献
875.
A substantial minority (35%) of the Dutch population is in favor of capital punishment. In this paper, it is argued that in a staunchly abolitionist country such as The Netherlands, the existence and perseverance of such support can be better understood and explained by conceiving of capital punishment support in attitudinal terms as part of a law and order syndrome. Death penalty attitudes are analyzed by means of hierarchic logistic regression analysis. It is shown that support can be modeled quite well, partly in terms of general attitudes to criminal justice, partly in terms of political and sociodemographic parameters. Within the criminal justice attitudes complex, more support is found among those endorsing harsh treatment of offenders, those willing to grant far-reaching powers to justice authorities, those believing that the government is not delivering on the topic of crime fighting, and those who are concerned about the level of crime. Within the political context, more support is enlisted among people who abstain from voting and those who vote at either extreme of the political spectrum as opposed to central parties' supporters. In sociodemographic segments it is the younger and poorly educated who are the strongest supporters of capital punishment. It is suggested that endorsing capital punishment can be better understood as an expressive act, displaying dissatisfaction with judicial and political elites in the country. 相似文献
876.
Prieto L Montesino M Salas A Alonso A Albarrán C Alvarez S Crespillo M Di Lonardo AM Doutremepuich C Fernández-Fernández I de la Vega AG Gusmão L López CM López-Soto M Lorente JA Malaghini M Martínez CA Modesti NM Palacio AM Paredes M Pena SD Pérez-Lezaun A Pestano JJ Puente J Sala A Vide M Whittle MR Yunis JJ Gómez J;Spanish Portuguese Working Group of the International Society of Forensic Genetics 《Forensic science international》2003,134(1):46-53
We report the results of Spanish and Portuguese working group (GEP) of International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) Collaborative Exercise 2001-2002 on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis. 64 laboratories from Spain, Portugal and several Latin-American countries participated in this quality control exercise. Five samples were sent to the participating laboratories, four blood stains (M1-M4) and a sample (M5) consisting of two hair shaft fragments. M4 was non-human (Felis catus) in origin; therefore, the capacity of the labs to identify the biological source of this sample was an integral part of the exercise. Some labs detected the non-human origin of M4 by carrying out immuno-diffussion techniques using antihuman serum, whereas others identified the specific animal origin by testing the sample against a set of animal antibodies or by means of the analysis of mtDNA regions (Cyt-b, 12S, and 16S genes). The results of the other three human blood stains (M1-M3) improved in relation to the last Collaborative Exercises but those related to hairs yielded a low rate of success which clearly contrasts with previous results. As a consequence of this, some labs performed additional analysis showing that the origin of this low efficiency was not the presence of inhibitors, but the low quantity of DNA present in these specific hair samples and the degradation.As a general conclusion the results emphasize the need of external proficiency testing as part of the accreditation procedure for the labs performing mtDNA analysis in forensic casework. 相似文献
877.
de Souza Menezes J de Almeida Drummond Franklin D Seki H Rumjanek FD 《Forensic science international》2003,133(3):242-245
Human mitochondrial DNA from 50 trios consisting of mother (M), child (C) and father (F) was PCR amplified with primers flanking the hyper-variable regions, HVR1 and HVR2. The amplified products were then fractionated under non-denaturing conditions, silver-stained and compared by single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP). In all but one case, mother and child displayed identical patterns, which could be promptly distinguished from that of the father. For the remaining cases, either set of primers was sufficient to resolve the familial ties. In no instance, M displayed alleles different from those of C within each trio, demonstrating that no false exclusions occurred. The SSCP approach proved to be a robust technique suitable as a preliminary screening in cases requiring identification of multiple samples. 相似文献
878.
Gusmão L Sánchez-Diz P Alves C Quintáns B García-Poveda E Geada H Raimondi E Silva de la Fuente SM Vide MC Whittle MR Zarrabeitia MT Carvalho M Negreiros V Prieto Solla L Riancho JA Campos-Sánchez R Vieira-Silva C Toscanini U Amorim A Carracedo A;GEP-ISFG 《Forensic science international》2003,135(2):150-157
The Spanish and Portuguese ISFG Working Group (GEP-ISFG) carried out a collaborative exercise in order to asses the performance of two Y chromosome STR tetraplexes, which include the loci DYS461, GATA C4, DYS437 and DYS438 (GEPY I), and DYS460, GATA A10, GATA H4 and DYS439 (GEPY II). The groups that reported correct results in all the systems were also asked to analyse a population sample in order to evaluate the informative content of these STRs in different populations. A total of 1020 males out of 13 population samples from Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Macao, Mozambique, Portugal and Spain were analysed for all the loci included in the present study. Haplotype and allele frequencies of these eight Y-STRs were estimated in all samples. The lowest haplotype diversity was found in the Lara (Argentina) population (95.44%) and the highest (99.90%) in Macao (China). Pairwise haplotype analysis showed the relative homogeneity of the Iberian origin samples, in accordance with what was previously found in the European populations for other Y-STR haplotypes (http://www.ystr.org). As expected, the four non-Caucasian samples, Macao (Chinese), Mozambique (Africans), Costa Rica (Africans) and Argentina (Lara, Amerindians), show highly significant Phist values in the pairwise comparisons with all the Caucasian samples. 相似文献
879.
de Bruyn T Garmaise D 《Canadian HIV/AIDS policy & law review / Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network》2003,8(3):31-32
According to a national survey, almost two out of every three Canadians think the federal government should be spending more to fight HIV/AIDS. The survey also found that: (a) although most Canadians know a lot about HIV/AIDS, there are some significant gaps in their knowledge; and (b) although most Canadians think HIV/AIDS is a serious problem, the vast majority do not consider themselves to be at risk for HIV infection. Few Canadians blame people for contracting HIV through sex or drug use, but many Canadians are still uncomfortable associating with people with HIV/AIDS in certain settings. 相似文献
880.
国家自然科学基金资助项目形成的知识产权归属问题研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
与私人投资相比 ,国家自然科学基金在资助的目的、资助的领域和投入的对象方面均有所差异。当前美国等发达国家和地区的立法对国家计划项目的成果归属所采取的放权原则值得我国借鉴。我国在确定国家自然科学基金资助项目形成的知识产权归属时应以适度放权为原则 ,以激励创新和促进利益平衡。 相似文献