The development of the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen).

The black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen) is a primary species commonly utilized to indicate a postmortem interval, or more appropriately a "time since colonization". Due to the importance of this species as a secondary myiasis producer in livestock operations, and more recently as a time since death indicator in the field of forensic entomology, a considerable amount of data on its growth and development has been generated. However, the developmental time as reported by these studies varies greatly, and current more detailed data is needed for use in medicocriminal entomology. Hourly developmental data is presented under constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C, and cyclic temperatures of 10-15, 15-25, 25-35 and 35-45 degrees C. This study is in agreement with the results reported by Kamal [Comparative study of thirteen species of sarcosaprophagous Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera). I. Bionomics, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 51 (1958) 261] and Melvin [Incubation period of eggs of certain musciod flies at different constant temperatures, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 27 (1934) 406] only at temperatures of 25 degrees C and below. Bishopp [Flies which cause myiasis in man and animals: some aspects of the problem, J. Econ. Entomol. 8 (1915) 317] reported a shorter developmental duration for larval stages than what was produced with our laboratory rearings.     

Investigations into factors affecting the cascade developer used in ESDA--a review

The Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) is a technique most commonly used for the visualisation of indented impressions on questioned documents. This work investigates some of the variables which are known to affect the results of ESDA and some variables which have, as yet, not been addressed. The investigation of variables included: examining the effects of different levels of indentation on different qualities of paper, chronological aging of cascade developer and the effects of repeated use of cascade developer on both the quality of results and the glass beads themselves, the effects of storage of cascade developer in a humidified environment and finally the effects of variation on the image development time. Results indicate that chronological aging of cascade developer does not have a negative effect on the quality of results and a 200 g portion of cascade developer will give good quality results for up to 30 traces before the quality will begin to deteriorate. Humidification of the cascade developer appears to have no advantages over storage in a normal environment and, in fact, the toner is lost sooner with humidification. The surface of the glass beads are affected through repeated use of cascade developer and appear to become visually smoother which may lead to a loss of attraction between them and the toner particles.     

Administrative compensation of medical injuries: a hardy perennial blooms again

Periods in which the costs of personal injury litigation and liability insurance have risen dramatically have often provoked calls for reform of the tort system, and medical malpractice is no exception. One proposal for fundamental reform made during several of these volatile periods has been to relocate personal injury disputes from the tort system to an alternative, administrative forum. In the medical injury realm, a leading incarnation of such proposals in recent years has been the idea of establishing specialized administrative "health courts." Despite considerable stakeholder and policy-maker interest, administrative compensation proposals have tended to struggle for broad political acceptance. In this article, we consider the historical experience of administrative medical injury compensation proposals, particularly in light of comparative examples in the context of workplace injuries, automobile injuries, and vaccine injuries. We conclude by examining conditions that may facilitate or impede progress toward establishing demonstration projects of health courts.     

WHO OWNS INDIA’S HISTORY? A CRITIQUE OF SHASHI THAROOR’S INGLORIOUS EMPIRE

The historiography of Britain's colonial past has always been problematic, shaped by conflicting mythologies about Britain's role as benefactor or exploiter. In the wake of Indian independence in 1947 it was in the interests of India's national identity to present what had gone before as a period of unmitigated oppression challenged by a united people. The consequence was widespread ignorance about the realities of British rule and of the Indian economy prior to and after British rule, exemplified by a current best-seller written by a well-known Indian political figure, Dr Shashi Tharoor, whose main arguments are examined; in particular, his central claim that India was a wealthy nation prior to Britain's colonial intervention reduced to poverty by Britain's ‘depredations’.