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881.
Joanna?D.?PozzuloEmail author Julie?L.?Dempsey Kerry?Wells 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2010,25(1):22-26
Children’s (N = 89) identification accuracy was examined as a function of lineup size. Participants (8–13 years) viewed a videotaped staged
event, described what was witnessed and then were presented with either a target-present or—absent lineup containing 6 versus
12 lineup members. The elimination lineup procedure (Pozzulo and Lindsay J Appl Psychol 38: 2195–2209 1999) was used to present lineups. No significant differences in correct identification rates were found across the target-present
sized lineups. In addition, the target was likely to “survive” at a comparable rate regardless of lineup size. Moreover, there
was no significant difference in correct rejection rate as a function of lineup size. The non significance of these data are
critical given that most research with child witnesses uses 6-person lineups whereas in many real world contexts larger sized
lineups are used (e.g., 12-person in Canada). 相似文献
882.
Persons with mental illness may be at risk for false admissions to police and to prosecutors because of the defining characteristics
of mental illness, but potentially because of heightened recidivism rates and increased opportunities. We surveyed 1,249 offenders
with mental disorders from six sites about false confessions (FCs) and false guilty pleas (FGPs). Self-reports of FC ranged
from 9 to 28%, and FGPs ranged from 27 to 41% depending upon site. False admissions to murder and rape were rarely reported.
We also examined differences between those claiming false admissions and those not. Minorities, offenders with lengthier criminal
careers, and those who were more symptomatic were more likely to have self-reported false admissions than their counterparts. 相似文献
883.
In 2013, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Shelby County v. Holder that Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, which included the preclearance formula for determining which state and local jurisdictions needed to obtain federal approval before changing their election laws and voting procedures, was unconstitutional. By requiring federal approval, this provision prevented historically repressive jurisdictions from enacting covert policies to hinder non-whites from voting. The ruling in Shelby County is problematic because methods in use across the country prevent non-white citizens from casting their ballots, leaving their interests unaddressed. As people of color hold different attitudes and views than whites towards specific criminal justice measures, contemporary barriers to the ballot have potential implications for criminal law and policy. Consequently, analyses of two contemporary methods of denying non-whites a voice in government are warranted: felon disenfranchisement and voter identification laws. After considering the disproportionate effects of these laws on non-white voting, the paper reveals the potential harm that may result from Shelby County if similar laws spread to jurisdictions no longer covered by the Voting Rights Act. 相似文献
884.
Jackie Sanders Robyn Munford Ruth Ballantyne Mark Henaghan Racheal Allison Rupert Jackson 《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2017,39(3):261-278
Taking the reforms of child protection legislation that have occurred since the 1980s as a backdrop, this paper considers young people’s perspectives on the factors that facilitated their engagement with child protection services and the barriers they perceived to effective service delivery. Drawing on findings from a New Zealand study of young people’s experience of multiple service use (child protection, mental health, youth justice and remedial education), the paper identifies that that rather than being ‘resistant’ or ‘hostile’ to statutory child protection intervention, young people reported a ‘conditional openness’. This conditional openness was characterised by three themes: communication; continuity and consistency; and contextual and cultural responsiveness. Interventions with these characteristics activated this conditional openness allowing effective interventions to occur. Using a series of case studies, comprising interviews and agency case file records; the paper considers the experiences of 109 young people (12–17 years) as well as those of the ‘person most knowledgeable;’ an adult nominated by young people because they knew the young person’s situation well. 相似文献
885.
Hilary?F.?ByrnesEmail author Brenda?A.?Miller Meng-Jinn?Chen Joel?W.?Grube 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(3):347-360
The neighborhood context can interfere with parents’ abilities to effectively monitor their children, but may be related to
specific monitoring strategies in different ways. The present study examines the importance of mothers’ perceptions of neighborhood
disorganization for the specific monitoring strategies they use and how each of these strategies are related to youths’ alcohol
use and delinquency. The sample consists of 415 mother–child dyads recruited from urban and suburban communities in Western
New York state. Youths were between 10 and 16 years of age (56% female), and were mostly Non-Hispanic White and African American
(45.3 and 36.5%, respectively). Structural equation modeling shows that mothers who perceive greater neighborhood problems
use more rule-setting strategies, but report lower levels of knowledge of their children’s whereabouts. Knowledge of whereabouts
is related to less youth alcohol use and delinquency through its association with lowered peer substance use, whereas rule-setting
is unrelated to these outcomes. Thus, mothers who perceive greater problems in their neighborhoods use less effective monitoring
strategies. Prevention programs could address parental monitoring needs based upon neighborhood differences, tailoring programs
for different neighborhoods. Further, parents could be apprised of the limitations of rule-setting, particularly in the absence
of monitoring their child’s whereabouts. 相似文献
886.
Gillmore MR Chen AC Haas SA Kopak AM Robillard AG 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(11):1503-1518
Studies show that positive family factors help protect adolescents from engaging in risky sexual activities, but do they continue to protect adolescents as they transition to late adolescence/early adulthood? Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examined whether family support, parent–child closeness, parental control/monitoring of adolescent behaviors and parent–child communication about sex, assessed in adolescence, were related to condom use in late adolescence/early adulthood among African American (n = 1,986), Chinese American (n = 163), Mexican American (n = 1,011) and White (n = 6,971) youth. Controlling for demographic variables and number of sex partners, the results showed that family support was positively related and parent–child communication was negatively related to condom use for the sample as a whole and for the white sample, but not for the other groups. Parent–child communication about sex and parental control were negatively related to condom use in the Chinese American sample. None of the family factors was related to condom use in the African American or Mexican American samples. Overall, parents talked more with daughters than sons about sexual matters. Condom use was most common among African Americans and among males. Greater attention to cultural expectations regarding sex and gender roles, as well as the causal ordering of effects, are important directions for future research. 相似文献
887.
Menarche is a discrete, transitional event that holds considerable personal, social, biological, and developmental significance.
The present longitudinal study examined both the transition and timing of menarche on the trajectory of anxiety in girls with
histories of childhood maltreatment (N = 93; 63% European American, 14% multiracial, 10% Latino, 9% African American, and 4% Native American). We hypothesized that
because menarche is a novel, unfamiliar experience, girls would show greater anxiety around the time of menarche. The anxiety-provoking
nature of menarche may be accentuated among earlier-maturing girls and girls with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Results
indicated that earlier-maturing girls were more anxious in the pre- and peri-menarche periods than their later-maturing peers;
however, their anxiety declined after menarche. Childhood sexual abuse was associated with heightened anxiety throughout this
transition. The developmental significance of the timing and transition of menarche in relation to childhood sexual abuse
and anxiety is discussed. 相似文献
888.
889.
890.
Y?ld?z Atasoy 《International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society》2011,24(3-4):105-123
Notions of sovereign state-rule and citizenship which rest on the twentieth century epistemology of state centrism define the ??right to have rights?? in terms of a national, unified category of state membership. In its association of citizenship with state sovereignty, the republican citizenship model in Turkey allows the state bureaucracy to act with key unitary agency in managing the relationship between religion and politics. In contesting the republican model on both religious and civil grounds, a notion of ??ethical?? citizenship has emerged based on the extension of rights and freedoms through citizen activism. This paper illustrates this process through a comparative analysis of the religiously inspired demand by female students to remove the headscarf ban and by Alevi individuals to remove the designation of Islam from national identification cards. 相似文献