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131.
Conventional development of latent fingerprints is compromised when the prints are decomposed by extreme temperatures, such as those encountered when a weapon cartridge is fired, an improvised explosive device is detonated, and/or in arson cases. Understanding how these extreme temperatures alter the chemical and physical properties of latent fingerprint residue could aid in the discovery of a reagent that could effectively develop these decomposed fingerprints. To mimic scenarios where fingerprints may be exposed to high heat conditions, standards of the five most abundant amino acids in fingerprint residue as well as extracted fingerprint residue were pyrolized under controlled conditions. Compounds identified as pyrolytic decomposition products were 3,6-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione (from alanine), maleimide, and 2,5-furandione (from aspartic acid). The pyrograms and selected ion traces show these products to hold promise as indicators of decomposed fingerprint residues and, therefore, may serve as good candidate substrates for a developing reagent. 相似文献
132.
Parental alienation (PA) is a highly consequential family dynamic that causes harm to children and parents. While many mental health and legal professionals agree that PA is common and potentially very harmful to children, there is still the appearance that there is controversy and discord in the field. The purpose of this study was to test the extent of consensus in the field regarding the basic tenets of PA theory. Specifically, 11 key terms related to PA were identified through expert input and preliminary field-testing. An on-line survey was created specifically for the study to assess level of agreement with these key terms among custody evaluators. This profession was selected because of their high degree of training and experience with a variety of family conflict situations; 119 child custody evaluators selected as members of a professional custody evaluator listing (88% response rate) rated their endorsement of these 11 key definitions with response options including: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. Results revealed that roughly 80% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with each of the 11 definitions. These results demonstrate a high degree of consensus and should guide future trainings of legal and mental health professionals to ensure a common language and understanding of this phenomenon. 相似文献
133.
Retrospective review of hanging suicides in individuals aged ≤ 17 years was undertaken at Forensic Science South Australia, Australia, over two 5-year periods: 1995-1999 and 2005-2009. Seven cases of hanging suicides were identified from 1995 to 1999, with a further 14 cases from 2005 to 2009, an increase of 100% (p < 0.001). Hanging accounted for 33.3% of all suicides in this age group (7/21) from 1995 to 1999, compared with 93.3% of the total number of suicides (14/15) in the second 5-year period. In contrast, Australian national data from 1998 and 2008 showed a 30% decrease in hanging suicides in the young, from one case/100,000 population in 1998 to 0.7 in 2008. Cluster suicides occur in the young and are often initiated by direct communication. As it is possible that Internet-based social sites may facilitate this phenomenon, investigations should include an evaluation of the victim's Internet access given the potential risk of similar actions by peers. 相似文献
134.
135.
This research examined the effects of several versions of capital penalty phase instructions on juror comprehension. Study
One documented the impact of California’s recently implemented “plain language” instruction. It showed that although the new
instruction has clear advantages over the previous version, significant comprehension problems remain. Study Two evaluated
several modified instructions designed to enhance comprehension. Participants heard either a standard patterned instruction
or one of two alternatives—a psycholinguistically improved instruction, or a “pinpoint” instruction using case-related facts
to illustrate key terms—in a simulated death penalty sentencing phase. Persons who heard modified instructions demonstrated
higher levels of comprehension on virtually every measure as compared to those in the standard instruction condition. 相似文献
136.
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138.
As students transition into middle school they must successfully negotiate a new, larger peer context to attain or maintain
high social standing. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which the maintenance, attainment, and loss of a
cool status over the course of the sixth grade is associated with student and classroom levels of physical, verbal, and relational
aggression. To address this goal, we studied a sample of 1985 (55% girls) ethnically diverse adolescents from 99 sixth grade
classrooms in the United States. Attaining a cool status at any point across the school year was associated with stronger
aggressive reputations. Additionally, classroom norms for aggressive behavior moderated the association between changes in
aggression over the school year and the stability of coolness such that students who maintained their coolness across the
school year showed greater increases in their verbally aggressive reputations from fall to spring when they were in classrooms
with higher levels of aggression. The findings illustrate the importance of fitting in with social norms for maintaining a
high social status among a new set of peers in middle school. 相似文献
139.
Estrada-Martínez LM Padilla MB Caldwell CH Schulz AJ 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(8):1039-1051
Existing research rarely considers important ethnic subgroup variations in violent behaviors among Latino youth. Thus, their
risk for severe violent behaviors is not well understood in light of the immense ethnic and generational diversity of the
Latino population in the United States. Grounded in social control theory and cultural analyses of familism, we examine differences in the risk for severe youth violence, as well its associations with family cohesion, parental engagement,
adolescent autonomy, household composition, and immigrant generation among Mexican (n = 1,594), Puerto Rican (n = 586), Cuban
(n = 488), and non-Latino Black (n = 4,053), and White (n = 9,921) adolescents with data from the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent Health. Results indicate a gradient of risk; White youth had the lowest risk for severe violence and Puerto
Rican youth had the highest risk compared to all other racial/ethnic subgroups. Within-group analysis indicates that family
factors are not universally protective or risk-inducing. While family cohesion decreased the risk of severe violence among
all groups, parental engagement was associated with increased risk among Blacks and Whites, and adolescent autonomy was associated
with increased risk among Puerto Ricans and Cubans. In addition, Cuban and White adolescents who lived in single parent households
or who did not live with their parents, had higher risk for severe violent behaviors than their counterparts who lived in
two parent households. Among Latinos, the association of immigrant generation was in opposite directions among Mexicans and
Cubans. We conclude that family and immigration factors differentially influence risk for violence among Latino subgroups
and highlight the significance of examining subgroup differences and developing intervention strategies that are tailored
to the needs of each ethnic subgroup. 相似文献
140.
Stoppa TM Wray-Lake L Syvertsen AK Flanagan C 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(12):1691-1704
Parents play an important role in helping their children process and interpret significant sociohistorical events. However,
little is known about how parents frame these experiences or the specific social, cultural, and civic messages they may communicate
about the event. In this study, we examined self-reported communication of parents from six communities in the United States
with their adolescents about the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Parents’ (N = 972) open-ended responses about September 11th were analyzed to assess whether communication with their adolescents occurred
and for thematic content. Results revealed marked variability in parents’ communication and suggest that many parents used
September 11th as an opportunity to impart sociocultural, emotional, and civic messages. Identifying the diversity in parents’
responses aligns with the tenets of Terror Management Theory and provides insights into the roles of parents in translating
pivotal historical moments. Collectively, these findings yield important implications for civic socialization. 相似文献