Does Intimate Partner Violence Epidemiology Differ Between Homes With and Without Children? A Population-Based Study of Annual Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

We sought to determine whether intimate partner violence (IPV) risk factors differed depending upon the presence of children in the home, and to estimate the annual prevalence of IPV first in the general population and then in homes with and without children. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional random sample of 6,836 women in southeastern Pennsylvania interviewed by telephone in 2004. The magnitude of association between IPV and risk factors varied between homes with and without children for women’s alcohol problems (with children, odds ratio (OR) 7.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9, 20.9; without children, OR 2.4; 95% CI 0.9, 6.0), and mental health problems (with children, OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.8, 8.9; without children, OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.6, 5.7). Poverty was significantly associated with IPV only in homes without children (OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.9, 7.2). Annual IPV prevalence was 1.2% overall, 1.4% in homes with children, and 1.1% in homes without children. One in 63 children lived in a home with IPV. Differences in IPV risk factors in homes with and without children suggest distinct underlying IPV mechanisms or consequences in these contexts.     

Effects of Perpetrator and Victim Gender on Negative Outcomes of Family Violence

Growing up in a violent home predisposes children to a host of behavioral and emotional difficulties. This study examined whether perpetrator and victim gender have an impact on depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior for victims of child physical abuse (CPA) and also with regard to witnessing interparental violence (IPV). This study also examined whether witnessing siblings being abused would elicit high levels of depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior. College students (n = 675) were assessed for both exposure to IPV and child physical abuse prior to age 18. Participants completed measures of depression and aggression. With regard to victims of CPA, participants victimized by both parents and those victimized by mothers only had significantly higher levels of aggression. For depressive symptoms, females having both parents as perpetrators or fathers only had significantly higher depressive symptoms. With regard to witnessing IPV, being abused by both parents was associated with endorsement of more aggression and depressive symptoms. With regard to witnessing sibling violence, the results were similar to those found for victims of CPA.

Die gesetzliche Ausgestaltung der mietvertraglichen Erhaltungspflicht und die Grenzen ihrer Disponibilität (1. Teil)

Die Ausgestaltung der mietvertraglichen Erhaltungspflicht im ?sterreichischen Recht, va das Verh?ltnis von § 1096 Abs 1 Satz 1 ABGB zu einschl?gigen bestandschutzrechtlichen Sondernormen, sowie die Grenzen der Disponibilit?t der mietvertraglichen Erhaltungspflicht stellen mittlerweile die am intensivsten diskutierten Fragen des ?sterreichischen Wohnrechts dar. Der folgende Beitrag unternimmt den Versuch, ein Resümee aus dieser Diskussion zu ziehen und unter Würdigung m?glichst aller bereits vorgetragenen Argumente zu ermittlen, welche Antwort auf diese Fragen den Vorgaben des geltenden Rechts am besten gerecht wird.     

Everyday Stranger Harassment and Women’s Objectification

The present research suggests that stranger harassment (i.e., experiencing unwanted sexual attention from strangers in public) is a frequent experience for young adult women, and that it has negative implications for their well-being. First, stranger harassment was positively related to self-objectification (Fredrickson & Roberts, Psychol Women Quart 21:173–206 1997). This was true for women who coped with stranger harassment using common strategies (passive, self-blame, or benign), but not for women who used an uncommon, active coping strategy (e.g., confronting the harasser). Second, stranger harassment experiences and self-objectification were positively related to women’s fear of and perceived risk of rape. Further, women who feared rape were more likely to restrict their freedom of movement. In concert, the findings suggest that stranger harassment may have both direct and indirect negative effects on women’s lives, and that it is a phenomenon worthy of future research.

Optimism as a Mediator Between the Experience of Child Abuse,Other Traumatic Events,and Distress

In this study, we examined the role of dispositional optimism in mediating distress among students who experienced traumatic events, including child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Participants included 199 undergraduate and graduate students (aged 18–63 years) from a private university in Oregon. In this study, dispositional optimism partially mediated distress among individuals who had experienced child physical abuse and child emotional abuse; participants with higher levels of optimism had lower levels of distress. In addition, dispositional optimism fully mediated distress among individuals who had experienced traumatic events such as rape, assault, and fire; participants with higher levels of optimism had lower levels of distress. Contrary to prediction, the experience of child sexual abuse was not associated with distress. Clinical implications of these results are addressed.     

Bessere Rechtsetzung in der EU – Der Stand der Dinge

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die aktuellen Prioritäten und Bemühungen der Europäischen Kommission um eine "Bessere Rechtsetzung" dar und erörtert ausgewählte Problempunkte.     

Die Abwägung konfligierender Interessen im Öffentlichen Recht – ein rechtsökonomischer Annäherungsversuch

Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt die Zielsetzung die rechtliche als auch ökonomische Auffassung von Interessensabwägungen im öffentlichen Recht auf der Basis der Rechtsökonomie zusammenzuführen. Dafür wird die Abwägung von (konfligierenden) Interessen in einem juristischen Kontext diskutiert, in dem funktionelle und normative Anforderungen aufgezeigt werden und die juristische Sichtweise ausführlich erörtert wird. Anschließend werden im Rahmen einer rechtsökonomischen Antwort ökonomische Argumente und Instrumente vorgestellt, die es ermöglichen, eine übergeordnete Theoriesprache für den juristischen Abwägungsprozess zu definieren. Basierend auf diesem Schritt wird eine potenzielle Integration von Kosten Nutzen Analysen und Kompensationsmechanismen in den juristischen Abwägungsprozess besprochen.