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381.
382.
Salvador Barrios Mathias Dolls Anamaria Maftei Andreas Peichl Sara Riscado Janos Varga Christian Wittneben 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2019,38(1):239-262
In this paper, we present the first dynamic scoring exercise linking a microsimulation and a dynamic general equilibrium model for Europe. We illustrate our novel methodology analyzing hypothetical reforms of the social insurance contributions system in Belgium. Our approach takes into account the feedback effects resulting from adjustments and behavioral responses in the labor market and the economy‐wide reaction to the tax policy changes essential for a comprehensive evaluation of the reforms. We find that the self‐financing effect of a reduction in employers’ social insurance contribution is substantially larger than that of a comparable reduction in employees’ social insurance contributions. 相似文献
383.
Since the turn of the millennium, a second generation of Chinese civil society organisations (CSOs) have started taking on issues such as rural migrant integration, social service provision, as well as community building. Organisations such as Beijing-based Shining Stone Community Action (SSCA) can be seen as the avant-garde of a second wave of humanistic, community-based CSOs which are willing to help improve the strained state–society relationship in the People's Republic of China (PR China). In order to advance their values and interests, civil society practitioners are willing to engage with Chinese government officials. By gaining the trust of First-in-Command (FIC) cadres they manage to introduce ideas such as the principle of subsidiarity, solidarity and reciprocity. Civil society practitioners thereby initiate open-ended processes of communication, consultation and cooperation. Such processes help promote cross-sector collaboration between Chinese civil society organisations and local government agencies. These developments signify an incremental change from government control (guanzhi) to public management (guanli) and to network governance (zhili). As a framework for the case study the authors look at strategies for the establishment of cooperative relations, focusing on steering mechanisms and process factors. In order to further understand the dynamics of cross-sector collaboration they further explore the social capital dimensions of the principle of reciprocity and trust. To evaluate outcomes and impacts of cross-sector collaboration, the authors discuss the ability of collaboration partners to produce tangible results and to innovate. The findings show that successful experiments with cross-sector collaboration not only depend on structural factors but also on the skills and strategies of the individuals and organisations involved. 相似文献
384.
Andreas Paetsch Titus W. D. P. van Os Nadine A. C. Troquete Rob H. S. van den Brink 《The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology》2019,30(4):630-641
The single-item predictive validity of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) has not been thoroughly investigated, although this has great clinical relevance for the selection of treatment targets. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the characteristic START additions of scoring strengths next to vulnerabilities and selecting key items, add incremental predictive validity. Finally, predictive validity has primarily been studied in inpatient settings and included mainly patients with a psychotic disorder. We analysed data from a mixed diagnostic sample of 195 forensic psychiatric outpatients with a 3-month and 170 patients with a 6-month follow-up period, using logistic regression analysis. The occurrence of violent or criminal behaviour was established based on the case manager’s recordings in the patient’s file. Only 5 of the 20 START items were found to have predictive validity: Impulse Control, Attitudes, Material Resources, Rule Adherence and Conduct. The last three were the only items for which incremental predictive validity was found with respect to scoring it as a strength and a vulnerability. Selection of key items did not add to the predictive validity. While possibly having therapeutic significance, the scoring of strength next to vulnerability and the selection of key items, may not be beneficial for risk assessment. 相似文献
385.
386.
In 1980, Sweden was a highly regulated economy with several state monopolies and low levels of economic freedom. Less than twenty years later, liberal reforms turned Sweden into one of the world's most open economies with a remarkable increase in economic freedom. While there is resilience when it comes to high levels of taxes and expenditure shares of GDP, there has been a profound restructuring of Sweden's economy in the 1980s and 1990s that previous studies have under-estimated. Furthermore, the degree of political consensus is striking, both regarding the welfare state expansions that characterized Sweden up to 1980, as well as the subsequent liberalizations. Since established theories have difficulties explaining institutional change, this article seeks to understand how the Swedish style of policy making produced this surprising political consensus on liberal reforms. It highlights the importance of three complementary factors: policy making in Sweden has always been influenced by, and intimately connected to, social science ; government commissions have functioned as 'early warning systems', pointing out future challenges and creating a common way to perceive problems; and, as a consequence, political consensus has evolved as a feature of Swedish style of policy making. The approach to policy making has been rationalistic, technocratic and pragmatic. The article concludes that the Swedish style of policy making not only explains the period of welfare state expansion – it is also applicable to the intense reform period of the 1980s and 1990s. 相似文献
387.
Andreas Kotsakis 《Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law》2012,21(3):282-290
The shale gas revolution has reached the United Kingdom. Licenses for exploratory shale gas extraction have already been issued and a recent independent review commissioned by the British government concluded that shale gas extraction can proceed. However, the regulation of these activities is based on the broader regulatory framework for oil and gas, which does not fully account for the particular technical challenges and environmental and health impacts of unconventional gas extraction, resulting in gaps in authorization and monitoring procedures. This article analyzes the relevant European Union and domestic provisions regarding the licensing and permitting system, hydraulic fracturing and water management, as well as the mitigation of the risk of induced seismicity. 相似文献
388.
389.
Andreas Beyer Jurgen A. Doornik David F. Hendry 《Journal of common market studies》2000,38(4):613-624
Reconstructing historical euro-zone data by aggregation across individual countries is problematic because of past exchange rate changes. The approach here avoids such distortions, yet aggregates exactly when exchange rates are fixed. This is achieved by aggregating weighted within-country growth rates to obtain euro-zone growth rates, then cumulating this euro-zone growth rate to obtain aggregate levels. The aggregate implicit deflator then coincides with the implicit deflator of the aggregate nominal and real data. Sub-aggregates also aggregate correctly, both regionally and temporally, as well as, e.g., monetary sub-aggregates. The resulting euro-zone data over the previous two decades are compared with other approaches. 相似文献
390.