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951.
Estimating the Impact of Classification Error on the “Statistical Accuracy” of Uniform Crime Reports
James?J.?NolanEmail author Stephen?M.?Haas Jessica?S.?Napier 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(4):497-519
This paper offers a methodological approach for estimating classification error in police records then determining the statistical
accuracy of official crime statistics reported to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. Classification error refers to
the mistakes in UCR statistics caused by the misclassification of criminal offenses, for example recording a crime as aggravated
assault when it should have been simple assault. Statistical accuracy refers to the estimated true total of each crime type
based on cancelling effect of undercounting and overcounting crime due to misclassifications. The population for the study
consists of the 12 largest municipal police agencies in a mostly rural southeastern state. Based on a sample of 2,663 records,
the authors illustrate the impact of classification error on the total population of reported offenses. Misclassifications
result in overcounting and undercounting certain crimes. The true number of each crime type, as well as the aggregate Index
Crime, Violent Crime, and Property Crime totals, is estimated based the evaluation of offsetting misclassifications. The findings
show that certain UCR crime categories are greatly undercounted while others are overcounted. The index crime and violent
crime totals are also significantly undercounted; however, when simple assault is added to the index and violent crime categories,
the error in these aggregate numbers is reduced to less than 1%. The results provide a benchmark for assessing the statistical
accuracy of the UCR data. 相似文献
952.
Stephen D. FisherRobert Ford Will JenningsMark Pickup Christopher Wlezien 《Electoral Studies》2011,30(2):250-257
This paper outlines and discusses techniques for three stages in forecasting parliamentary seats from British opinion polls: adjusting and aggregating published vote-intention figures from across different polls; forecasting how public opinion might change before election day; and predicting the seat totals from the forecasted election-day vote shares. Specifically, we consider a state-space model for opinion polls which correct for house effects and other sources of survey error, the estimation of the historical relationship between polls and the election-day share of the vote, and a probabilistic approach to predicting the winner in each constituency. 相似文献
953.
The polarization of the political and social environment over the past four decades has provided citizens with clearer cues
about how their core political predispositions (e.g., group interests, core values, and party identification) relate to their
issue opinions. A robust and ongoing scholarly debate has involved the different ways in which the more polarized environment
affects mass opinion. Using heteroskedastic regression, this paper examines the effect of the increasingly polarized environment
on the variability of citizens’ policy opinions. We find that citizens today base their policy preferences more closely upon
their core political predispositions than in the past. In addition, the predicted error variances also allow us to directly
compare two types of mass polarization—issue distance versus issue consistency—to determine the independent effects each has
on changes in the distribution of mass opinion. 相似文献
954.
We examine the flow of federal grants‐in‐aid from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to the states. We simultaneously model two dependent variables (the flow of EPA funds, and state environmental and natural resource budgets) to identify the independent roles of state political institutions, political preferences, economic and demographic characteristics, and the task environment. Our central focus, though, is on the relationship between grants and state spending after taking into account those direct effects. We examine the evidence for positive association (a flypaper effect) and negative association (crowding out). We show the different roles for political institutions, political preferences, demographic and economic characteristics, and the task environment in each spending context. Most importantly, we find evidence for a flypaper effect between federal funds and state spending: Federal spending and state spending are positively correlated after accounting for the contribution of the unique factors. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 相似文献
955.
Andrew Arato 《群星:国际评论与民主理论杂志》2011,18(3):324-351
956.
957.
Hirschi (2004) redefined self-control as the tendency to consider the “full range” of potential costs relevant to a criminal act, suggesting
that such costs vary in number and salience based on one’s level of self-control. He also suggested self-control, as expressed
at the moment of decision, was influenced by the individual’s level of social bonding; those with fewer bonds would exhibit
less self control by considering fewer costs and finding them less salient when making a decision. This study presents an
initial attempt to examine Hirschi’s theoretical statement linking concepts from the two theories. Presented with a hypothetical
drunk driving scenario, participants were asked to identify perceived costs and salience as a measure of self-control, as
Hirschi (2004) suggested. Results support Hirschi’s assertion demonstrating that the social bond impacts offending likelihood through its
relationship to self-control expressed within the decision. Future theoretical and empirical directions are outlined. 相似文献
958.
959.
Federal first responder funding is estimated to be $98 billion below the minimum required level over the 5 years ending in
2010. A significant portion of that shortfall can be covered by savings attained by eliminating non-public-good services,
initiating public–private partnerships for meeting peak time demand in emergency situations, and contracting-out other public
services. We concentrate on such savings in the context of response to false calls to police, fire, and ambulance services.
Solving the false alarm problem for police, fire, and ambulance services and eliminating some non-public-good police services
could release significant service-hours and 23.7–31.4% of the required additional Homeland Security (HLS) annual spending.
Reducing false alarms means 88,000 police, fire, and ambulance first responders could be shifted to HLS activities.
相似文献
Andrew J. BuckEmail: |
960.
Stephen Dann Phil Harris Gillian Sullivan Mort Marie‐Louise Fry Wayne Binney 《Journal of Public Affairs (14723891)》2007,7(3):291-304
The paper reports on the core challenges faced by the nonprofit, political and social marketing disciplinary areas and suggests a series of research agendas to develop theory and practice to meet these challenges.
- Social marketing's research agenda involves the continued adaptation of the new developments in commercial marketing, whilst building a base of social marketing theory and best practice benchmarks that can be used to identify, clarify and classify the boundaries of social marketing against social change techniques.
- Nonprofit marketing is pursuing the dual research agenda of developing the theory and practice of social entrepreneurship whilst seeking deeper consumer‐based research to understand motivations for charitable behaviour and gift giving.
- Political Marketing's research agenda looks for an increase in the level of background research, core data and market research to use as a basis for developing more advanced theoretical and practical models. In addition, as political marketing is being transferred internationally between a range of political and electoral systems, there is a need for comparative research into both the relevance and effectiveness of these techniques to isolate nation independent and nation dependent political marketing strategies and campaigns.