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161.
Bert Van Roermund 《Ratio juris》2002,15(2):206-218
A rule of recognition for a legal order L seems utterly circular if it refers to behaviour of “officials.” For it takes a rule of recognition to identify who, for L, counts as an official and who does not. I will argue that a Kelsenian account of legal authority can solve the aporia, provided that we accept a, perhaps unorthodox, re‐interpretation of Kelsen's norm theory and his idea of the Grundnorm. I submit that we should learn to see it as the vanishing point rather than the final basis of validity in a legal order. To prepare the ground for this proposal, I will briefly explore the claim to authority that is characteristic of politics. Then I sketch a multi‐layered canonical form of the legal norm, including their “empowering” character (Paulson) in terms of performative operators. I show how it leads to a “perspectival” account of the basic norm. In conclusion, I briefly point to the example of sovereignty and acquis communautair in international law to illustrate this view 相似文献
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越南教育社会化的现状及前瞻 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
教育社会化是越南教育的一项政策。1997年,越南政府提出教育社会化主张,指出教育培训是全社会的事业,要实行全社会办教育和全体群众享受教育。教育培训要得到国家财政预算的适当投资,同时要依靠全社会一切可以调动的资金来源,包括各经济组织、各社会组织的赞助,人民群众的捐助, 相似文献
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Welmoet B. Van Kammen Ph.D. in art history Rolf Loeber Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology 《Journal of youth and adolescence》1991,20(4):399-413
The paper presents lifetime and six-month prevalence of substance use by 1st, 4th, and 7th graders (N=2573). Smoking and alcohol consumption was surprisingly high even for 1st graders. The use of developmentally more advanced substances, such as marijuana, was associated with the use of substances that typically emerge earlier, such as beer. Significantly more of the multiple substance users in the 1st and 4th grade were already engaged in a variety of conduct problems and delinquent acts than were either single users or nonusers. The findings show that substance use, even at Grades 1 and 4, is an indicator of boys who commit a wide variety of problem behaviors. For the 7th graders, the use of marijuana was especially associated with the commission of more serious delinquent acts. Multiple substance use reported by the 7th graders also signified a higher frequency and volume of use. The results of the study are related to a developmental conceptualization of conduct problems, delinquency and substance use.Research interests: antisocial behavior and substance use.Research interests: the development of antisocial behavior and substance use; familial processes leading to deviant behavior; the prediction of delinquency.Research interests: development of concealing antisocial behaviors and processes that affect such development. 相似文献
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This paper shows that political institutions matter in explaining defaults on external and domestic debt obligations. We explore a large number of political and macroeconomic variables using a non-parametric technique to predict safety from default. The advantage of this technique is that it is able to identify patterns in the data that are not captured in standard probit analysis. We find that political factors matter, and do so in different ways for democratic and non-democratic regimes, and for domestic and external debt. In democracies, a parliamentary system or sufficient checks and balances almost guarantee the absence of default on external debt when economic fundamentals or liquidity are sufficiently strong. In dictatorships, high stability and tenure play a similar role for default on domestic debt. 相似文献
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Dana Van Der Merwe 《International Review of Law, Computers & Technology》1999,13(3):303-315
This paper contends that copyright is a product of the invention of print. Before that time, writings were seen as part of the common heritage of humanity and if someone copied a book by hand they deserved the right to own the copy. The digitalization of not only print, but also intellectual products such as music, graphics and video has caused problems more deep-seated than many copyright lawyers would admit to. In fact, a paradigm shift has occurred with information at the core. The older paradigm comes from the world of Descartes and Newton and focuses on material things. The legal system of that era correspondingly focused on material things, making it impossible to own, possess or have any other real right in incorporeals. To cover intellectual property a special subsystem of law was designed which is now starting to show the strain. It is argued that information ages quickly and by over-protecting it one loses the value of the asset. Power and wealth will come from transmitting and adding value to information. In this regard personal rights might be more valuable than real or intellectual property rights, unless the latter adapts to change more rapidly. 相似文献