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Child support is always a difficult area of public policy, balancing the sometimes competing needs of children, resident and non‐resident parents and the state. This article provides a relatively rare insight into some of the processes involved in developing the new Australian Child Support Scheme (CSS), which will commence full operation in July 2008. In particular, this article shows how microsimulation modelling was used by the Ministerial Taskforce on Child Support and the government in the policy reform process. The availability of such sophisticated distributional analysis and modelling allowed the development of a comprehensive picture of how the reforms would affect CSS clients, thereby facilitating the adoption of major policy change. This article also provides a blueprint for policy‐makers of how modelling can facilitate their policy development processes. 相似文献
665.
Ann Jordan 《Development in Practice》2003,13(2-3):239-252
At first glance it would appear that despite women's vital participation in peace-making processes, they are for the most part marginalised or belittled. However, moving away from the idea of women as outsiders and/or victims, we find evidence of their involvement in projects initiated and driven by them and/or in activities in which they work in equal roles alongside men. Many women in conflict areas are advocating and working effectively with approaches to lasting positive peace that transcend traditional male-dominated structures and ideologies. Large numbers of ordinary women, men, and children are working mostly behind the scenes to achieve justice and equality. Women are very much involved but get far less recognition than men. The scale and diversity of largely unacknowledged but effective grassroots peace efforts worldwide, particularly among women, requires much greater recognition by the international community. This article is based on a research project that uses an oral testimony approach and a multicultural perspective to give voice to women working in the field in a wide range of transformational processes. 相似文献
666.
Lisa Ann Vasciannie 《英联邦与比较政治学杂志》2017,55(2):141-164
The infusion of election observation in the political landscape of the Caribbean has presented a range of trends and reactions. Some countries, such as Guyana, have had a more entrenched and controversial history with observation than others. Guyana was the first Caribbean country to have had international observers. This paper presents a survey of the case of Guyana between 1964 and 2001. The article outlines all the observed elections in Guyana during this period with reference to issues of logistics, size, duration and the actors involved. It also assesses the outcomes of international observer presence in these elections and explores the implications for Guyana’s efforts to display acquiescence to the norm of holding free and fair elections. 相似文献
667.
Robert Edgar Myra Ann Houser 《Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies》2017,18(1):29-51
Former South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts’s 1930 European and North American tour included a series of interactions with diasporic African and African American activists and intelligentsia. Among Smuts’s many remarks stands a particular speech he delivered in New York City, when he called Africans “the most patient of all animals, next to the ass.” Naturally, this and other comments touched off a firestorm of controversy surrounding Smuts, his visit, and segregationist South Africa’s laws. Utilizing news coverage, correspondence, and recollections of the trip, this article uses his visit as a lens into both African American relations with Africa and white American foundation work toward the continent and, especially, South Africa. It argues that the 1930 visit represents an early example of black internationalism and solidarity, reflecting a shift from sociocultural connections between Africa and the diaspora to creating political movements on behalf of African people. To contextualize this visit, we assess events surrounding a meeting that the Phelps-Stokes Fund organized for Smuts at Howard University, using this as a lens into the two disparate, yet interlocked, communities. 相似文献
668.
Hawkins MT Letcher P Sanson A O'Connor M Toumbourou JW Olsson C 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(11):1436-1452
Calls have been made for a greater focus on successful development and how positive functioning can be conceptualized in theory
and empirical research. Drawing on a large Australian community sample (N = 890; 61.7% female), this article examines the structure and stability of positive development at two time points during
young adulthood. Previously, we developed and empirically tested a model of positive development at 19–20 years comprised
of five first-order constructs (civic action and engagement, trust and tolerance of others, trust in authorities and organisations,
social competence, and life satisfaction) and a second-order positive development construct. In the current study, we replicated
this model at 23–24 years and found that it was again a good fit for the data, and was equally applicable for young men and
women. Hence, positive development can be conceptualized according to five important dimensions at both ages. While variable-oriented
tests suggested continuity in levels of positive development, person-oriented analyses revealed four distinct patterns of
positive development over time—two reflecting stability (stable high [34.5%] and stable very low [11.6%]) and two characterized
by change (low/average increasing [30.4%] and average decreasing [23.5%]). There were significant differences in the gender
composition of these groups, with young women overrepresented in the more favourable groups. Thus, despite mean level stability,
positive development is characterized by change for many young people, suggesting the importance of identifying factors that
support young people’s capacity for positive functioning over this transitional period. The current findings contribute to
our understanding of the nature and course of positive development over this important period. 相似文献
669.
Routine activities theory has not fully considered the role of gender in shaping victimization and yet, the research literature clearly demonstrates that gender is associated with an individual's risk of victimization. In addition to the pervasive effect of gender on victimization, gender shapes an individual's daily routines and thus may create a gender-specific relationship with victimization. This article explores the importance of gender in understanding the relationship between student's participation in extracurricular routine activities (e.g., student government, clubs, sports, and etc.) and the risk of victimization. From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a sample of 10th-grade students was drawn for analyses. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling was employed to explore the role of gender in the relationship between extracurricular routine activities and victimization at school. The results reveal that students' gender indeed interacts with several of the extracurricular routine activities creating gender-specific risks of victimization. This article highlights the importance of gender in explaining victimization and suggests researchers should consider how gender may interact with other routine activities and victimization. 相似文献
670.