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191.
Mobile customers are increasingly being tracked and profiled by behavioural advertisers to enhance delivery of personalized advertising. This type of profiling relies on automated processes that mine databases containing personally-identifying or anonymous consumer data, and it raises a host of significant concerns about privacy and data protection. This second article in a two part series on “Profiling the Mobile Customer” explores how to best protect consumers’ privacy and personal data through available mechanisms that include industry self-regulation, privacy-enhancing technologies and legislative reform.1 It discusses how well privacy and personal data concerns related to consumer profiling are addressed by two leading industry self-regulatory codes from the UK and the U.S. that aim to establish fair information practices for behavioural advertising by their member companies. It also discusses the current limitations of using technology to protect consumers from privacy abuses related to profiling. Concluding that industry self-regulation and available privacy-enhancing technologies will not be adequate to close important privacy gaps related to consumer profiling without legislative reform, it offers suggestions for EU and U.S. regulators about how to do this.2 相似文献
192.
In this study, we respond to calls for further investigation on why and how scientists choose to commercialize their research.
Mowery (University entrepreneurship and technology transfer: process design, and intellectual property, Elsevier, Oxford 2005), in his criticism of the US-system, emphasizes the need for multiple channels between university and industry. His argument
makes the case of Sweden interesting, where the researchers own the intellectual property of their research. Sweden thus constitutes
a unique case where data can be found on which choices researchers make in a setting where a variety of channels for transfer
are available. Our empirical data, collected through case studies, allowed for the expansion of the typology for mechanisms
for transfer of academic research as well as the development of a typology for determinants for researchers’ choice to engage
in transfer of research. Apart from those contributions to the theoretic discussion, the data also provided policy implications. 相似文献
193.
By exploring the meaning construction of Chinese citizenship stipulated in Chinese legislation and its interaction with social
identities and human nature in the Chinese society, the present study investigates the nature and evolution of the conception
of Chinese citizens through three selected cases from Chinese legislations, which illuminate that Chinese citizens are essentially
persons with independent personalities defined by the rights and obligations stipulated in legislation. This conception is
further strengthened by the entitlement to private properties and equality before law. This conception of Chinese citizenship
is concrete and meaningful in the sense that it is underpinned with reference to social identities as person, people and personality
in Chinese legislations. The reference of the conception to human being constitutes the essence of Chinese legislation. The
meaning construction of Chinese citizenship is indeed a dynamic process engineered in the social and cultural process. The
findings on the evolution of the construction of Chinese citizenship in Chinese legislation suggest that the formation of
legal identity through legislation varies greatly in different countries. Nevertheless, the realization of the conception
of citizenship will necessarily be backed up by social identities as person, people and personality, which will be further
strengthened and expanded by the legitimating of private properties and equality before law. Citizenship is achieved by social
participants through mediation engineered within the social and cultural process. 相似文献
194.
Daniel B. Wright Florence Hanoteau Camilla Parkinson Anna Tatham 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2010,15(2):195-207
Purpose. To examine the relationship between perceived memory characteristics and age. Method. Participants rated the reliability and honesty of children's memory for one of two events. The children's ages varied from 3‐ to 18‐years‐old. Results. Participants (N = 612) believed that memory reliability increased with age, but the observed effect was non‐linear. Perceived reliability increased rapidly for children from 3 to 6 years. After this, male participants believed memory reliability increased, but less than in early childhood. Female participants did not think memory reliability increased in middle childhood and adolescence. Further effects involving type of event, age of participant, and the gender of the eyewitness were observed for honesty and the relationship between these attributes and beliefs in guilt. Conclusions. These findings stress the need for more research on development trends of memory in middle childhood and adolescence. 相似文献
195.
King Chung Lo 《Journal of Indian Philosophy》2018,46(3):553-576
In PV 3.440ab and 473cd–474ab, Dharmakīrti raises the argument of infinite regress (anavasthiti) twice. The argument originates from the same argument stated by Dignāga in his Pramā?asamuccaya 1.12ab1, in which the fault of infinite regress is called ani??hā. In Pramā?asamuccayav?tti 1.12b2, Dignāga presents another type of argument of infinite regress (anavasthā) driven by memory, which is elucidated by Dharmakīrtian commentators. The arguments were criticized by Kumārila Bha??a and Bha??a Jayanta and even more intensively so by two modern scholars, Jonardon Ganeri and Birgit Kellner. In this paper, I first examine the source of the arguments—Pramā?asamuccayav?tti 1.12 and its translation, based on which I provide my interpretation of the two models of arguments of infinite regress. I then offer my response, according to Dharmakīrti and his commentators, to Ganeri’s and Kellner’s critiques. By doing so, I attempt to identify the essence of these arguments is and find out to what extent one can defend the infinite regress argument in Dignāga’s and Dharmakīrti’s theory. 相似文献
196.
197.
Objectives
Sex and age trends in bone mineral density (BMD) play an important role in the estimation of age-at-death (AAD) of unidentified human remains. Current methodologies lack the ability to precisely estimate age in older individuals. In this study, BMD of the cranium and femur measured by DXA were examined to establish their applicability for age estimation in older adults. BMD as measured by DXA, is most commonly used clinically for prediction of osteoporotic fracture risk. We hypothesized that weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones, the femur and cranium, respectively, would provide valuable insights for aging.Methods
The sample consists of 32 sets of excised cranial fragments from the Regional Forensic Center, Johnson City, Tennessee and 41 associated crania and femora from the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. All crania and femora were scanned using a Hologic (R) DXA scanner and data were analyzed using Student t-tests, Loess regression, and ANOVA.Results
Student t-tests indicate a significant relationship between the sexes and cranial BMD and a significant relationship between age cohorts and femoral neck BMD. The Loess regression showed different aging patterns in the cranium for females and males older than 55. And the ANOVA showed changes in femoral neck after age 55.Conclusions
These results indicate age and sex dependent changes in BMD especially for individuals over the age of 55, which offers improvement from current aging methods for older individuals. Further research using a larger sample size could improve the predictive capabilities of the model. 相似文献198.
This study concerns the use of crypto-currency with specific reference to the situation in Russia. A variety of such systems exist; Bitcoin, however, is perhaps the best-known example and will be used as synonymous with the concept throughout this article. Our findings not only show how the views of Russian government bodies are formed and developed, but also sheds light on the specific innovative methods which legal entities use for development of the economy. Consideration will be given to recent developments within Russia which has been more active than many countries in seeking to clarify the status of Bitcoin and providing for the regulation of the technology. 相似文献
199.
200.
Anna C. Goldoff 《国际公共行政管理杂志》2013,36(11):2017-2044
Decision-making is ever present in all forms of organized human activity. Decisions range from the simple to the complex within large organizations, whether in the nonprofit, public or private sectors. Throughout human history, man has sought to control the results of his decisions, to quantify them, to increase their predictability and to reduce their risks. Three current areas of decision making: risk assessment, chaos theory and strategic management are analyzed in this article. Their interconnectedness and potential as a “new paradigm” is its focus. 相似文献