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Jeffrie G. Murphy 《Criminal justice ethics》2013,32(2):72-73
This article discusses the way in which substantive criminal law is generally taught in United States law schools and argues that more room should be given in these courses to familiarize students with the horrendous nature of much of our criminal law system—in particular the terrible conditions faced by most prison inmates after conviction. 相似文献
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Charles Anthony Smith 《Law & society review》2008,42(1):75-110
Conventional wisdom holds that the role of the U.S. federal judiciary was underspecified and undefined until the era of Chief Justice John Marshall. In contrast, I argue that prior to the Marshall era, the Supreme Court had the specific institutional role of providing an administrative remedy to aggrieved nations to deprive potentially hostile nations of any excuse for belligerence. Specifically, concern among the Framers about this nascent country's absence of dispute resolution mechanisms in the areas of trade and admiralty was critical in the institutional design of the judiciary. Original jurisdiction was designed primarily to remedy trade disputes. The independent judiciary made trade commitments more credible and self-help by the aggrieved less likely. By providing this administrative remedy and lowering the uncertainty associated with trading with revolutionaries, the Framers claimed a seat for the new country at the table of nations. Moreover, enhanced commercial credibility that the administrative avenue for redress provided was instrumental in the early economic development of the United States. 相似文献
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Greg Ridgeway Anthony A. Braga George Tita Glenn L. Pierce 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(1):103-109
The objective of this study was to assess whether targeting new gun buyers with a public safety message aimed at improving
gun law awareness can modify gun purchasers’ behaviors. Between May 2007 and September 2008, 2,120 guns were purchased in
two target neighborhoods of the City of Los Angeles. Starting in August 2007, gun buyers initiating transactions on odd-numbered
days received a letter signed by prominent law enforcement officials, indicating that law enforcement had a record of their
gun purchase and that the gun buyer should properly record future transfers of the gun. The letters arrived during buyers’
10-day waiting periods, before they could legally return to the store to collect their new gun. Subsequent gun records were
extracted to assess the letter’s effect on legal secondary sales, reports of stolen guns, and recovery of the gun in a crime.
An intent-to-treat analysis was also conducted as a sensitivity check to remedy a lapse in the letter program between May
and August 2007. The letter appears to have no effect on the legal transfer rate or on the short-term rate of guns subsequently
turning up in a crime. However, we found that the rate at which guns are reported stolen for those who received the letter
is more than twice the rate for those who did not receive the letter (p value = 0.01). Those receiving the letter reported their gun stolen at a rate of 18 guns per 1,000 gun-years and those not
receiving the letter reported their gun stolen at a rate of 7 guns per 1,000 gun-years. Of those receiving the letter, 1.9%
reported their gun stolen during the study period compared to 1.0% for those who did not receive the letter. The percentage
of guns reported stolen in these neighborhoods is high, indicating a high rate of true gun theft, a regular practice of using
stolen-gun reports to separate the gun buyer from future misuse of the gun, or some blend of both. Simple, targeted gun law
awareness campaigns can modify new gun buyers’ behaviors. Additional follow-up or modifications to this initiative might be
needed to impact the rate at which guns enter the illegal gun market and ultimately are recovered in crimes. 相似文献
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Routine activities theory has not fully considered the role of gender in shaping victimization and yet, the research literature clearly demonstrates that gender is associated with an individual's risk of victimization. In addition to the pervasive effect of gender on victimization, gender shapes an individual's daily routines and thus may create a gender-specific relationship with victimization. This article explores the importance of gender in understanding the relationship between student's participation in extracurricular routine activities (e.g., student government, clubs, sports, and etc.) and the risk of victimization. From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a sample of 10th-grade students was drawn for analyses. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling was employed to explore the role of gender in the relationship between extracurricular routine activities and victimization at school. The results reveal that students' gender indeed interacts with several of the extracurricular routine activities creating gender-specific risks of victimization. This article highlights the importance of gender in explaining victimization and suggests researchers should consider how gender may interact with other routine activities and victimization. 相似文献