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201.
Afghan tribes and local communities have been exposed to foreign patronage since at least the 19th century, but the scale of patronage relative to Afghanistan's internal economy increased dramatically after the late 1970s. Inevitably, this had a major impact on Afghanistan's own internal dynamics and on the mechanisms of political legitimisation. This article focuses on the province of Kandahar, which occupies a privileged space in Afghan politics and history, having given origin to almost all of the country's ruling elites. It deals with three groups of tribal strongmen, who tried to use tribally based patronage systems to stake a claim to local power. 相似文献
202.
203.
This paper will try to contribute to the understanding of public programs supporting high technology diffusion and transference.
The framework utilised will combine the theory of technology and innovation diffusion and the use of value mapping methodology.
The article provides empirical evidence on the variables, which contribute to filling some research gaps on the assessment
of high tech diffusion programs. For this we have utilised the evaluation of the GAME initiative, part of the European Commission
IV Research Framework Programme. The objective of this program was to diffuse microelectronics technology among Spanish firms.
Using one hundred set cases and employing multivariable analysis methods it was found that a model could be built with two
multivariable constructs to explain and understand technology diffusion, absorption and transference flows. In addition, the
model is useful for evaluating technology dissemination using the diffusion model to measure its social impact. The statistical
methodology applied, as a complement to value mapping, provides a robustness in the results which is not normally furnished
by classical evaluation methods. It also reinforces value mapping as an adequate tool for high tech cases with certain modifications
to the original approach. The␣latter is due to the uncertainty of technology disruption curves and change, as well as to the
changing conditions in the economies of scale.
相似文献
204.
Jacqueline L. Young Michael E. Antonio Lisa M. Wingeard 《Journal of criminal justice》2009,37(5):435-441
In July 2006, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections began delivering a training session titled Reinforcing Positive Behavior to all new employees. The training educated staff about the department's philosophy on inmate treatment programming and about staff responsibilities for reinforcing treatment concepts. Findings from a survey administered immediately after the training revealed that treatment and clerical staff strongly agreed that how they treat inmates and how they behave in a correctional facility impacts inmate rehabilitation efforts, and that reinforcing positive behavior among inmates was a requirement of their profession. Also, treatment and clerical staff, more so than correctional officers, recognized that staff support of treatment programs impacted inmate rehabilitation outcomes and that staff actions and interactions with other staff and inmates can make a correctional facility a more positive place. 相似文献
205.
206.
Antonio Estella 《European Law Journal》2005,11(1):22-42
Abstract: The idea that the European Union must not adopt a constitution is gaining ground in current legal research on European constitutionalism. The N-C (No Constitution) thesis is being forcefully defended, in particular, by authors in the 'contextual' or 'law in context' tradition. However, likewise using a 'contextual' methodology, in this article I argue that the N-C thesis is in many regards misplaced. In this work, I defend the idea that Europe must adopt a constitution for reasons of credibility. I also try to show the main pitfalls of the N-C thesis. 相似文献
207.
In this paper we analyze the problem of the enforcement of incomplete contracts with endogenous outside options. Some of the equilibria we outline may reverse one of the main results presented in the standard literature. We then revisit the literature on the highly debated Fisher Body/General Motors merger and suggest an explanation based on GM??s need to control the Fisher brothers?? outside options. 相似文献
208.
209.
This article is a reflection about the division of powers between theEuropean Community and the Member States. It focuses on the adventuresand misadventures of the principle of conferred powers in the process ofEuropean integration. Section I is about the initial vertical divisionof powers in the European Community. Section II is dedicated to ananalysis of the progressive erosion of conferred powers during the 70'sand the 80's. Section III refers to the slow return to the applicationof the conferred powers principle that started after the Single EuropeanAct. 相似文献
210.
Law and Critique - This paper aims to introduce, in the context of Latin America, the theoretical epistemic discussion regarding the theme of the ‘common’ as a political principle which... 相似文献