On urban homicide: A statistical analysis

A statistical analysis is made of homicide rates in the 50 largest American cities for four different years. It is shown that differences in recent murder growth among the cities can largely be explained as typical random fluctuations about a common trend. It is also found that the changing age profile of the American people explains no more than ten percent of the increase in homicide since 1964. Several mathematical models for future homicide growth are proposed from the analysis, and under each the probability of death by murder and corresponding drop in life expectancy are estimated for individuals born now in each of the 50 cities.     

Toxicologic survey of findings in putrefied corpses. Corpse putrefaction in air

Autopsies were conducted on 234 putrefied corpses (exposed to the air, not buried) at the Institute for Forensic Medicine of the University of Hamburg from January 1979 to May 1983. Estimating the time it had taken to reach the respective degree of putrefaction was almost impossible. Only anamnestic clues provided evidence to ascertain the approximate time of death (between 3 days and 46 months ago). The cadavers were found in different locations: outdoors, inside heated or non-heated rooms. Some corpses wore clothes; others were naked; some were covered with blankets or other material. Chemicotoxicological analyses consisted of routine methods and additional modern sophisticated techniques: capillary gas chromatography, combined GC/MS, infrared spectrometry, radio- and enzyme-immunological tests. In organ specimens and body fluids of 47 corpses organic medicaments or poisons could be detected. Nearly all of these 47 forensic autopsies were carried out by request of the legal authorities to rule out legal intoxication as well as the influence of illegal drugs or medicaments. Unlike 20 years ago, today it is possible to detect and quantify organic drugs and poisons as well as their metabolic products, especially minor or major tranquilizers or barbiturates, in highly putrefied specimens. In spite of analytical progress, interpretation of some chemotoxicological results remains difficult. Poor anamnestic data provide insufficient clues. Therefore, pathologicoanatomical and histological results have special significance for the final conclusions. Good cooperation between the pathologist and toxicologist is one of the imperative prerequisites to come to a satisfying result.     

Corporate interests and public affairs: organised business–government relations in EU member states

The internationalisation of economic and political affairs changes the way in which business interests are brought to bear on public policy. This is a global phenomenon but can, in particular, be observed in Europe. The construction of the European Union, the development of the Single Market and the build‐up of the policy institutions to go with it, together change business–government relations profoundly. This paper answers the question of how organised business interests relate to government agencies and political institutions. By using the example of trade associations in the Netherlands and Germany, the paper shows that, despite the internationalisation of public affairs in Europe, the national political level remains strategically important for the representation of business interests. The paper thus argues that changes in European business–government relations are institutionally embedded at both the European and the national level. The implication for future research is that much of the dynamics of economic and political internationalisation materialises within the domestic arrangements of interest politics. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications     

Compensation System Experience at 12 Months After Road or Workplace Injury in Victoria,Australia

Seeking or receiving compensation after injury is frequently associated with poor recovery. Previous research has shown that the stressful nature of compensation procedures and perceived injustice may cause secondary harm. This study examined compensation system experiences in compensation claimants in Victoria, Australia, and explored the relationship between these experiences and injury outcomes. One hundred and sixty compensable patients (120 male, 75.0 %) aged 18–67 years (M?=?43.01, SD?=?14.31), hospitalized for an injury in a motor vehicle crash (n?=?137) or at work (n?=?23), participated. Participants completed questionnaires about compensation system experience, pain, and psychological symptoms 12 months after injury. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the compensation system experience items revealed three components explaining 66.64 % of the variance in compensation experience: (1) “negative procedural experience” (47.29 %), (2) “compensation supported recovery” (10.43 %), and (3) “positive procedural experience” (8.92 %). Worse experience on all components was associated with worse pain (severity, interference, catastrophizing, disability) and psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, PTSD, perceived injustice). Compensation system experience reflected both negative and positive procedural factors, and feeling supported through recovery. Most participants reported having positive experiences; however, those who were frustrated or stressed from compensation procedures had worse pain and psychological health outcomes. While this association is likely to be bidirectional with “non-recovery” also impacting on compensation experience appraisals, compensation schemes should nonetheless address modifiable sources of procedural injustice (e.g., arduous paperwork and approvals processes) and reinforce procedures that generate perceptions of support (e.g., timely and appropriate access to health services).