浅析当前强奸犯罪中的证据把握问题

近年来,强奸案件出现了一些特殊的变化。强奸案件的新特点,导致办案人员对该类案件证据的认定产生了较多困惑。为了正确定性,需要提出强奸犯罪证据的审查要素问题。     

Alterations of Length Heteroplasmy in Mitochondrial DNA Under Various Amplification Conditions*

Abstract: There are several areas within mitochondrial DNA that show length heteroplasmy. If the heteroplasmy pattern is unique and consistent for each person, it may be used to support an interpretation of exclusion in identity testing. We investigated whether the length heteroplasmy pattern would be consistent under different amplification conditions. We also determined whether various amplification parameters would affect the homopolymeric cytosine stretches (C‐stretch) in HV1. Monoclonal samples tended to be heteroplasmic after amplification. After several repetitions, C‐stretch patterns of all samples were inconsistent even under the same amplification conditions. Increased PCR cycles and high template concentrations resulted in a more frequent heteroplasmic tendency. These amplification parameters seem to have little effect if samples are not long enough in C‐stretch or total length of the segment from nt 16180 to nt 16193. It is suggested that the pattern of length heteroplasmy cannot be used as an additional polymorphic marker.     

Determination of age from the sternal rib in white females: a test of the phase method

Sex differences in both the rate and pattern of aging in the sternal extremity of the rib necessitated the development of separate standards of age determination for males and females. A test of the male phase technique has already demonstrated its reliability and soundness. The present study was carried out to evaluate the female phase standards. A sample of 10 test ribs including 2 control specimens, was judged by 28 volunteers representing several levels of education and experience in the forensic and anthropological sciences. As in the male test, the judges were asked to assign each unknown rib to an age phase by comparing it with photographs of prototype specimens from the original study. Analysis of the results revealed minimal interobserver error between the doctoral and predoctoral groups, and no discernible association between morphological variation in the rib and antemortem history. Furthermore, rib assignment for both groups of judges averaged well within 1 phase of the ideal phase in which the specimen would have been placed based solely on chronological age.     

Determination of age from the sternal rib in white males: a test of the phase method

The effectiveness of a given age determination technique can better be assessed by testing the standards on unknown specimens. A test of this nature was carried out to evaluate the authors' previously published phase method for age estimation from the sternal extremity of the rib. A sample of 15 test ribs was judged by 25 physical and forensic anthropologists with varying levels of education and experience. The judges were asked to match the rib to the phase it most closely resembled by comparing it with the photographs from the original study. The results indicated that interobserver error based on experience was minimal, and nearly all of the participants averaged within one phase of the ideal. Variation appeared to be greater among the ribs than among the judges, yet no consistent association could be made between this variation and factors such as cause of death, antemortem medical history, drug or alcohol abuse, and occupation.     

甲醛固定组织中DNA提取与扩增技术的初步研究

目的：探索从甲醛固定组织中提取并扩增DNA的方法。方法：采用高pH缓冲液,结合有机溶剂法抽提DNA,选择扩增片段较短的DQa位点作为检测位点。结果：甲醛固定组织中的DNA降解程度随浸泡时间的延长而加重,但浸泡1、5、10个月的3份心脏组织均获得了240bp的扩增产物。     

多重PCR检测FFv三个基因座在景颇族人群中的遗传多态性

短串联重复序列（STR）是由几个碱基对作为核心单位串联重复形成的一类DNA序列,作者将3个STR基因座在同一反应体系中进行互不干扰的复合扩增,采用高分辨率的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离、银染法显影技术,对云南省景颇族的F13A01,FESFPS和vWA等3个基因座等位基因的基因频率进行了调查,获得了满意的结果,显示了广阔的应用前景。F13A01基因座观察到8个等位基因、13个基因型;FESFPS基因应观察到7个等位基因、18个基因型;vWA基因应观察到7个等位基因、21个基因型。     

Paternity testing: blood group systems and DNA analysis by variable number of tandem repeat markers

Two recent paternity cases are reported. In the first case of paternity exclusion, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) on variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci with multiple alleles were informative, as well as established systems of red blood antigens, red cell enzymes, serum proteins, and human leukocyte antigens. In the second case, in which both the alleged father and the first wife were deceased, the paternal genotype was determined by using genetic markers from the second wife and four children, which then were compared with the paternal alleles of the child in question, the plaintiff in this case. The high probability of paternity (0.999,998,7) made us conclude that the man probably was the actual father. The DNA analysis by VNTR probes appears to be quite valuable in the study of paternity cases.     

A simple, rapid and simultaneous analysis of complex volatile hydrocarbon mixtures in blood using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a wide-bore capillary column

A screening method for detecting volatile hydrocarbons in blood has been developed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a wide-bore capillary column and a headspace method. Toluene-d8 and indan were used as the internal standards for quantitative analysis. Hydrocarbons with retention indices from 600 to 1200 were simultaneously and quantitatively detected in relatively low concentrations (0.01 microgram/ml) in reconstructed ion chromatography. This method could prove useful in forensic cases in which urgent examination of complex hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g. petroleum components, is required.     

Osteometric analysis of sexual dimorphism in the sternal end of the rib

Although there have been a number of radiological studies of the entire anterior thorax, no attempt has been made to establish a method of sex determination based on direct metrical analysis of an isolated rib. The present study attempts to determine sex from the sternal end of the fourth rib. The sample (144 males, 86 females) was obtained from individuals of known age, sex, and race autopsied at a medical examiner's office. Three measurements (height, width, and sternal articular pit depth) were taken from each bone. The sample was divided into three groups: young, old, and the combined total and analyzed by means of stepwise discriminant function statistics. It was found that the accuracy of sex determination varied from 82% in the young and 89% in the old groups to 83% for the combined group. However, when a discriminant function formula developed for a different age group was used the accuracy of correct assessment diminished considerably. It was, therefore, concluded that sexual dimorphism can be detected by metrical analysis from the teens to the 70s and this dimorphism increases with age.