全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12423篇 |
免费 | 559篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 530篇 |
工人农民 | 436篇 |
世界政治 | 907篇 |
外交国际关系 | 435篇 |
法律 | 8242篇 |
中国政治 | 82篇 |
政治理论 | 2297篇 |
综合类 | 53篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 75篇 |
2020年 | 214篇 |
2019年 | 261篇 |
2018年 | 305篇 |
2017年 | 312篇 |
2016年 | 322篇 |
2015年 | 258篇 |
2014年 | 287篇 |
2013年 | 1265篇 |
2012年 | 279篇 |
2011年 | 311篇 |
2010年 | 317篇 |
2009年 | 351篇 |
2008年 | 318篇 |
2007年 | 312篇 |
2006年 | 299篇 |
2005年 | 282篇 |
2004年 | 327篇 |
2003年 | 275篇 |
2002年 | 233篇 |
2001年 | 590篇 |
2000年 | 491篇 |
1999年 | 395篇 |
1998年 | 174篇 |
1997年 | 138篇 |
1996年 | 118篇 |
1995年 | 129篇 |
1994年 | 130篇 |
1993年 | 122篇 |
1992年 | 263篇 |
1991年 | 280篇 |
1990年 | 262篇 |
1989年 | 258篇 |
1988年 | 231篇 |
1987年 | 257篇 |
1986年 | 217篇 |
1985年 | 217篇 |
1984年 | 189篇 |
1983年 | 190篇 |
1982年 | 138篇 |
1981年 | 148篇 |
1980年 | 88篇 |
1979年 | 178篇 |
1978年 | 109篇 |
1977年 | 78篇 |
1976年 | 74篇 |
1975年 | 81篇 |
1974年 | 99篇 |
1973年 | 107篇 |
1972年 | 80篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
991.
Managing incidental findings in human subjects research: analysis and recommendations. 总被引:8,自引:8,他引:0
Susan M Wolf Frances P Lawrenz Charles A Nelson Jeffrey P Kahn Mildred K Cho Ellen Wright Clayton Joel G Fletcher Michael K Georgieff Dale Hammerschmidt Kathy Hudson Judy Illes Vivek Kapur Moira A Keane Barbara A Koenig Bonnie S Leroy Elizabeth G McFarland Jordan Paradise Lisa S Parker Sharon F Terry Brian Van Ness Benjamin S Wilfond 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2008,36(2):219-48, 211
No consensus yet exists on how to handle incidental findings (IFs) in human subjects research. Yet empirical studies document IFs in a wide range of research studies, where IFs are findings beyond the aims of the study that are of potential health or reproductive importance to the individual research participant. This paper reports recommendations of a two-year project group funded by NIH to study how to manage IFs in genetic and genomic research, as well as imaging research. We conclude that researchers have an obligation to address the possibility of discovering IFs in their protocol and communications with the IRB, and in their consent forms and communications with research participants. Researchers should establish a pathway for handling IFs and communicate that to the IRB and research participants. We recommend a pathway and categorize IFs into those that must be disclosed to research participants, those that may be disclosed, and those that should not be disclosed. 相似文献
992.
Leila da Costa Ferreira Sergio B. F. Tavolaro 《International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society》2008,19(3-4):161-177
This article intends to unveil some of the main theoretical backgrounds and current tendencies of environmental sociology in Brazil. But we are mainly interested in providing a historical reconstruction of the societal internalization of environmental concerns in Brazil, on both state and civic levels, with an emphasis on the transformations that took place over the 1970–1990s period. We argue that environmental civil associations do not find either a legal idiom or public forums by means of which they could turn their demands and moral concerns into a binding juridical code. This is so because, on the one hand, their moral concerns, even when based on de-traditionalized and abstract principles, are not paralleled with an autonomous legal framework, strong enough to set limits to the functioning of both the political-administrative apparatus as well as to economic actors. As we contend, this helps to explain why the environmental legislation in Brazil is rhetorically manipulated on a regular basis—and, hence, set aside whenever it contradicts other priorities. On the other hand, environmental concerns have always met with difficulties to become a priority in the Brazilian polity. Ultimately, our main goal is to carry out a critical consideration of the theoretical links that are widely set in the field of sociological theory between environmental concerns and modernity. 相似文献
993.
Shaun L. Gabbidon Leslie K. Kowal Kareem L. Jordan Jennifer L. Roberts Nancy Vincenzi 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2008,33(1):59-68
This paper examines race-based peremptory challenges. Such challenges occur during the voir dire jury selection process. The process allows both the defense and the prosecution to strike jurors who they believe will not
decide cases fairly. However, in the case of Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that race could not be used as a factor in eliminating prospective jurors. This
paper examines federal litigation for five years in which it was alleged that race was used as a factor in removing a juror.
An examination of the cases revealed that most of the cases involved sole male litigants who allege that there were multiple
race-based peremptory challenges used in their cases. Moreover, most of the cases that led to the allegations involved violent
offenses. Other case characteristics are noted, but of most significance was the finding that most appellants lost their cases.
As such, the courts felt that most of the challenges were, in fact, race neutral. The implications of this research are discussed.
This study was funded by an undergraduate research grant from Penn State University. 相似文献
994.
The “Science of Science Policy”: reflections on the important questions and the challenges they present 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Adam B. Jaffe 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2008,33(2):131-139
Developing the “Science of Science Policy” will require data collection and analysis related to the processes of innovation
and technological change, and the effects of government policy on those processes. There has been much work on these topics
in the last three decades, but there remain difficult problems of finding proxies for subtle concepts, endogeneity, distinguishing
private and social returns, untangling cumulative effects, measuring the impact of government programs in a true “but for”
sense, and sorting out national and global effects. I offer observations on how to think about these issues.
This paper was presented as the Keynote Address at the NSF Workshop on Advancing Measures of Innovation: Knowledge Flows,
Business Metrics, and Measurement Strategies, Arlington, VA, June 2006. 相似文献
995.
996.
E.M. Dauber B. Glock W.R. Mayr 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2008,1(1):107-108
Two cases of allelic loss at the D19S433 locus after multiplex PCR with the AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit (Applied Biosystems) are described. In both cases the failure of PCR resulted in genetic inconsistencies due to opposite homozygosity. After singleplex PCR with published primers additional alleles were observed and Mendelian inheritance was restored. These PCR products were sequenced and in both cases the same 4 bp deletion near the 3′ end of the repeat region was detected in two alleles of different length. The frequency of these null alleles (two events in 1026 allelic transfers) amounts to 0.0019 (95% confidence limits: 0.0002-0.0070). 相似文献
997.
Amanda B. Hepler Bruce S. Weir 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2008,2(3):166-175
This study extends the current use of Bayesian networks by incorporating the effects of allelic dependencies in paternity calculations. The use of object-oriented networks greatly simplify the process of building and interpreting forensic identification models, allowing researchers to solve new, more complex problems. We explore two paternity examples: the most common scenario where DNA evidence is available from the alleged father, the mother and the child; a more complex case where DNA is not available from the alleged father, but is available from the alleged father’s brother. Object-oriented networks are built, using HUGIN, for each example which incorporate the effects of allelic dependence caused by evolutionary relatedness. 相似文献
998.
Prof. Dr. jur. Walter Bückmann Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Yeong Heui Lee 《Natur und Recht》2008,30(1):1-15
Zusammenfassung Seit einem Jahr liegen die thematische Strategie für den Bodenschutz und der Entwurf der Bodenrahmenrichtlinie vor, mit denen
die Europ?ische Kommission das europ?ische Umweltrecht komplettieren und einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit den Bodenressourcen
erreichen will. Jahrzehnte vorher hatten schon die Welt-Boden-Charta und die Europ?ische Bodencharta eine nachhaltige Bodennutzung
gefordert, um der anhaltenden Bodendegradation Einhalt zu gebieten. Vor 15 Jahren hatte die Weltgemeinschaft die Rio-Deklaration
über Umwelt und Entwicklung und einen Aktionsplan für diese Deklaration, mit denen nachhaltige Entwicklung, nachhaltige Ressourcennutzung
und nachhaltiger Bodenschutz umgesetzt werden sollen, vereinbart. Der Beitrag stellt die Strategie, die Rahmenrichtlinie und
den Diskurs zwischen den am Entscheidungsprozess beteiligten Organen und Interessenvertretungen von Landwirtschaft und Industrie,
der noch im Gange ist, dar. Auch werden einige Schlüsselthemen der Weiterentwicklung des Bodenschutzes, l?sungsbedürftige
theoretische Fragen, die im Hintergrund der Auseinandersetzungen stehen, skizziert. 相似文献
999.
GEOFFREY K. FRY 《Public administration》1991,69(4):423-438
Early access to the papers of the Fulton committee of 1966–8 and to the still unpublished oral evidence that the committee received, which has been Officially granted to the author, enables the contribution of its Management Consultancy Group to be studied fully for the first time, that study being complemented by interviews with the surviving members of the committee, its secretariat, and of the group. The article argues that the group was innovative in that, by means of its report, and through such impact as it had upon the Fulton committee and its report, it put the adoption of the bat private sector management practice into a prominent place on the Fabian socialist agenda for civil service reform and, hence, added an extra dimension to the Fabians' traditional concern about greater efficiency. 相似文献
1000.