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271.
Arun S. Moorthy PhD Edward P. Erisman MS Anthony J. Kearsley PhD Yuxue Liang PhD Edward Sisco PhD William E. Wallace PhD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2023,68(5):1494-1503
Fentanyl analogs are a class of designer drugs that are particularly challenging to unambiguously identify due to the mass spectral and retention time similarities of unique compounds. In this paper, we use agglomerative hierarchical clustering to explore the measurement diversity of fentanyl analogs and better understand the challenge of unambiguous identifications using analytical techniques traditionally available to drug chemists. We consider four measurements in particular: gas chromatography retention indices, electron ionization mass spectra, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra, and direct analysis in real time mass spectra. Our analysis demonstrates how simultaneously considering data from multiple measurement techniques increases the observable measurement diversity of fentanyl analogs, which can reduce identification ambiguity. This paper further supports the use of multiple analytical techniques to identify fentanyl analogs (among other substances), as is recommended by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG). 相似文献
272.
Rocio B. Potoukian BS Jennifer Gonyea BS Elisa N. Shoff BS George W. Hime BS Diane M. Moore PhD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2023,68(6):2205-2210
Xylazine sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic used in a veterinary setting. Although xylazine was never approved for therapeutic use in humans, it has become popular in the street drug market as a cutting or bulking agent in the fentanyl and heroin supply. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the detection of xylazine in postmortem forensic toxicology casework. Xylazine can be identified during routine toxicology screening utilizing instrumentation such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Using the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner's LIMS system, all cases received between 2015 and 2022 in which xylazine was reported were reviewed. The cases studied include accidental drug overdose deaths in Miami-Dade County as well as Collier County (Naples), Florida. In total, there are 170 cases; the majority are accidental polydrug overdoses involving White males between the ages of 25 and 44 years old. Of the 170 cases, 37% listed xylazine as the cause of death. 13% of cases contained only xylazine and fentanyl while the remaining 87% of deaths were attributed to polydrug toxicity involving two or more substances. The prevalence of xylazine can be attributed to its increasing popularity rather than an increase in caseload. In 2019, xylazine was present in only 4% of all accidental fentanyl overdoses. By 2021, this percentage has increased sixfold, with xylazine present in 24% of all accidental fentanyl overdoses. Despite a decrease in fentanyl overdoses in 2022, the percentage of xylazine detection remained the same. 相似文献
273.
Natalia Czado MS Bobby LaRue PhD Amanda Wheeler MS Rachel Houston PhD Amy Holmes PhD Kelly Grisedale PhD Sheree Hughes PhD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2023,68(2):596-607
Formalin-fixed tissues provide the medical and forensic communities with alternative and often last resort sources of DNA for identification or diagnostic purposes. The DNA in these samples can be highly degraded and chemically damaged, making downstream genotyping using short tandem repeats (STRs) challenging. Therefore, the use of alternative genetic markers, methods that pre-amplify the low amount of good quality DNA present, or methods that repair the damaged DNA template may provide more probative genetic information. This study investigated whether whole genome amplification (WGA) and DNA repair could improve STR typing of formaldehyde-damaged (FD) tissues from embalmed cadavers. Additionally, comparative genotyping success using bi-allelic markers, including INDELs and SNPs, was explored. Calculated random match probabilities (RMPs) using traditional STRs, INDEL markers, and two next generation sequencing (NGS) panels were compared across all samples. Overall, results showed that neither WGA nor DNA repair substantially improved STR success rates from formalin-fixed tissue samples. However, when DNA from FD samples was genotyped using INDEL and SNP-based panels, the RMP of each sample was markedly lower than the RMPs calculated from partial STR profiles. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that rather than attempting to improve the quantity and quality of severely damaged and degraded DNA prior to STR typing, a more productive approach may be to target smaller amplicons to provide more discriminatory DNA identifications. Furthermore, an NGS panel with less loci may yield better results when examining FD samples, due to more optimized chemistries that result in greater allelic balance and amplicon coverage. 相似文献
274.
Quentin T. Gauthier PhD Paige Riley MS Alison G. Simon PhD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2023,68(3):898-907
Contamination of canine training aids is a pervasive issue that may lead to incorrect canine discrimination of target odors. It is therefore important to properly store training materials to maintain their integrity and efficiency. First, this study demonstrated the potential for contamination using GloGerm™ as a proxy for odor/particulate transfer. Then, eight types of containers were evaluated to determine (1) the ability to prevent odor permeation and (2) the likelihood of maintaining the ab/adsorbed odor. Lastly, a longitudinal study evaluated how the permeation of the target odor changed over time. Analysis occurred using a direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometer (DART-MS) to detect triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from the non-hazardous canine training aid known as the polymer odor capture-and-release (POCR) system. Results showed that Mylar and Opsak bags were most effective for short-term storage, maintaining low levels of ab/adsorption. Over time, the amount of TATP permeating through the primary containers and collecting in a secondary container (i.e., outer packaging) increased at 1 week and decreased thereafter (up to 4 months). The amount of TATP collecting in the primary containers, however, increased up to 1 month and decreased thereafter. 相似文献
275.
276.
原产地规则是FTA的重要组成部分。本文首先分析了东亚FTA体系中原产地规则的特征,然后从理论上研究了现有的原产地规则对东亚生产体系的不利影响,重点分析了影响机制和渠道。最后,结合东亚现状提出了一些建议。 相似文献
277.
新近,国际法院在相关的司法判例中提出了公平原则及相关情况规则,尤其在2009年罗马尼亚诉乌克兰黑海划界案中确认了这一具体规则及其适用方法。该项规则是建立在公平基础之上的,相比其他划界方法而言,更强调原则的属性。实际上,公平原则常常使用各种方法的结合以便取得公平结果。由于公平原则在划界领域可以平衡各种公平因素,因此在海洋边界划分中具有习惯法的地位。据此原则,中国有关东海大陆架划界的基本主张不容置疑。 相似文献
278.
战后日本在亚太安全格局中的身份建构 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
战后,日本界定新的国家认同,重塑国家利益,重建在亚太安全格局中的身份。以日美同盟为平台和支柱,日本实现了冷战格局中的身份建构与转型,追逐着冷战后亚太地区秩序重建中的身份重构。日本已从低姿态专注于一国繁荣的小国,走向高姿态意欲主导亚太安全格局的大国。目前和将来的一段时期内,争取亚太安全格局的主导权仍是日本孜孜以求的战略目标和身份特征。然而,以日美同盟为基轴的身份建构模式,必然会使日本受到负面效应的冲击。日本在亚太安全格局中的身份建构过程,同时影响并部分建构着亚太安全格局。 相似文献
279.
In any given society, rights are said to co-exist. When rights, however, begin to conflict, a balance must be sought. In few fields has the ability of governments to accommodate two conflicting sets of rights been so controversial as it has in the case of conscientious objection (CO) in reproductive health care. Today, states have an obligation under international law to protect the right to the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion of medical providers. They also, however, have an obligation to protect right to the highest attainable standard of health and other fundamental rights of women. Considering the extent to which CO has been invoked in the context of reproductive health care, international law recognizes limits to its use. Over the years, human rights bodies have sought to develop guidelines around CO in order to ensure the protection of women’s basic rights. While some state practices have shown to be consistent with guidelines established at the international level, some countries have struggled to provide an effective balance so as to protect women’s fundamental rights. Taking the example of countries in Latin America and Europe, this article provides an overview of the different ways states have sought to regulate CO in the medical context and the various difficulties ensued. 相似文献
280.
This study analyzes the relationship between race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes for female drug offenders in Florida. Grounded in the focal concerns perspective, the research examines whether, in the specific case of drug offenders, minority women are treated more harshly than White women. Interaction models are estimated to determine the influence of drug offense type on racial and ethnic sentencing disparities. Differences in sentencing outcomes are also examined following significant policy changes in the state. In general, the findings suggest that minority female drug offenders are disadvantaged at both the incarceration and sentence length decisions. It also appears that perceptions of dangerousness associated with female offenders' race/ethnicity and offense are incorporated into sentencing authorities' patterned responses. That is, the level of disparity between Black, Hispanic, and White females is conditioned by type of drug offense in the interaction models. The changes in sentencing policy also impact the role of race and ethnicity in sentencing decisions. By analyzing drug offenders exclusively, the current study clarifies the role of race in sentencing decisions for females. In contrast to prior research that examined all offense categories together, the current study suggests that for drug offenses, minority females may, in fact, be deemed more dangerous and culpable than White female drug offenders. 相似文献