The Sutherland tradition in criminology: a bibliometric story

In this article, we provide an overview of the body of knowledge associated with the Sutherland tradition in criminology. We track Sutherland’s impact through a bibliometric analysis of papers citing any of Sutherland’s works and by focusing on publications that are co-cited with Sutherland. This approach enables us to visualize Sutherland’s role in relation to the forerunners and founding fathers of criminology during his own active period, to his followers, and to contemporary scholars. The dataset consisted of 2596 genuine articles that cite at least one of Sutherland’s publications, in which he appears as first author in Web of Science ^TM published between 1955 and 2010. The results show a clear impact of the Sutherland tradition more or less throughout the twentieth century, peaking during the 1930s and 1940s and decreasing in the 1990s, when the Sutherland tradition was more powerfully challenged, primarily by the life-course tradition.     

Literatur

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Editorial

Although a growing body of research has investigated gendered pathways to crime, this study is the first to investigate whether varying levels of family support may constitute a gendered pathway to recidivism. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the effects of emotional and instrumental support on self-reported reoffending in the 3-, 3- to 9-, and 9- to 15-month postrelease periods. Interaction terms revealed that higher levels of emotional support significantly reduced recidivism for both genders but had a greater effect for females. Whereas higher levels of instrumental support reduced recidivism for females, higher levels increased the likelihood of recidivism for males in some time periods. Implications for correctional policy and practice are discussed.     

Sāṃkhya as Portrayed by Bhāviveka and Haribhadrasūri

This article consists of a tentative exploration regarding the Buddhist portrayal and critique of Sāṃkhya epistemology and the theory of reflection (pratibimbavāda) as expressed in the Sāṃkhyatattvāvatāraḥ chapter of Bhāviveka’s 6th century Madhyamakahṛdayakārikā, and its auto-commentary the Tarkajvālā; and the Jain portrayal and critique of Sāṃkhya epistemology and the theory of reflection as expressed in Haribhadrasūri’s 8th century Śātravārtāsamuccaya (ŚVS) and Yogabindu. The article includes a translation of the Yogabindu, verses 444–457.     

The living will: does an advance refusal of treatment made with capacity always survive any supervening incapacity?

There is a widespread consensus in law and medical ethics that living wills have to be obeyed by the physician if the patient was competent when the medical directive was signed and if, after the patient becomes incompetent, additional conditions occur which were considered by him. According to this viewpoint, the effectiveness of living wills is a direct consequence of the patient's right of self-determination. As the British Law Commission has recently put it: "An advance refusal made with capacity simply survives any supervening incapacity." However, this opinion does not take into account the empirical fact that the formerly competent person's critical interests (at t1) do not necessarily correspond wit his experiential interests after incompetency is established irreversibly (at t2). The author's goal is to answer the question of whether there can be cases which do not allow the formerly competent person's critical interests to prevail over the incompetent patient's experiential interests.     

Erbunwürdigkeit als Folge versuchter passiver Sterbehilfe

Erbunwürdigkeit gem § 540 Fall 1 ABGB tritt nicht ein, wenn sich die Straftat nur "gegen den Erblasser", nicht aber auch "gegen dessen Willen" gerichtet hat. Ein T?ter, der eine gesetzlich verbotene Form von Sterbehilfe leistet, ist demzufolge nicht erbunwürdig, wenn die Straftat (bspw T?tung auf Verlangen, § 77 StGB) auf Ersuchen des Erblassers begangen worden ist. Die Straflosigkeit der passiven Sterbehilfe ergibt sich aus § 110 StGB. Unterl?sst der Arzt die medizinisch indizierte Heilbehandlung auf Wunsch des einwilligungsf?higen Patienten, ist bereits der Tatbestand eines vors?tzlichen T?tungsdelikts nicht erfüllt. Die Heilbehandlung darf in solchen F?llen auch dann nicht vorgenommen oder fortgeführt werden, wenn sie vital indiziert ist. Ist der Patient, etwa wegen fortgeschrittener Altersdemenz, nicht mehr einwilligungsf?hig, ist zu prüfen, ob er eine solche Willenserkl?rung zu Zeiten, in denen er einwilligungsf?hig war, abgegeben hat (Patientenverfügung, Vorsorgevollmacht). Liegt eine ausdrückliche Erkl?rung des im Zeitpunkt der Entscheidungsnotwendigkeit einwilligungsunf?higen und schwerkranken Patienten, der sich am Ende seines Lebens befindet, nicht vor, ist für die Behandlung dieses Patienten dessen mutma?licher Wille ma?gebend. Für die Einsch?tzung des mutma?lichen Willens sind prim?r mündliche oder schriftliche ?u?erungen des Patienten entscheidend; auf Wertvorstellungen der Gesellschaft oder anderer Personen kann und darf es nicht ankommen.