Mass murders in Germany – classification of surviving offenders based on the examination of court files

Personality, psychopathology, and motives of 44 surviving offenders committing mass murder in Germany over 25 years (1984–2009) were analyzed using court files and psychiatric expertises. Initially, 123 mass murders in Germany were detected in the time period 1980–2010 (inclusive deceased offenders). Using a data entry form based on ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System), we categorized the 44 surviving mass murderers into three prototypes using the ‘TwoStep Cluster’-method (separation of the offenders in different groups depending on their similarity of specific items): 1. Narcissistic or aggressive men suffering from addiction or affective disorder, committing mass murder out of rage/hate when being intoxicated by alcohol, 2. Psychotic offenders with schizophrenia and comorbid substance abuse. 3. Aggressive, narcissistic or anxious adolescents, half of them suffering from affective disorder or ADHD, committing mass murder out of rage/hate. Not included are such events where the offenders died and therefore no court files or psychiatric expertises were available. Classification and subtyping of the offenders’ personalities and psychopathological conditions might help to improve the chances for an early detection of persons at risk.     

Verwaltungsverfahren,Rechtsanwalt als Verhandlungsleiter

Es ist unzul?ssig, dass der Bürgermeister in einem Verwaltungsverfahren einen Rechtsanwalt zum Verhandlungsleiter bestellt. Der Umstand, dass der Bürgermeister w?hrend der ganzen Verhandlung anwesend ist, kann die unzul?ssige Verhandlungsführung durch den Rechtsanwalt nicht sanieren.     

Rauchverbot in Lokalen: Begriff des "Raumes" in § 13a TabakG

Nur ein Raum, der allseitig, von der Decke bis zum Boden von festen W?nden (sei es auch aus Glas) umschlossen ist und mit einer Türe geschlossen werden kann, kann einem "Raum" nach § 13a Abs 2 TabakG entsprechen. Eine bauliche "Trennung" blo? durch Unterbringung von Raucher- und Nichtraucherbereichen in unterschiedlichen Gescho?en, ohne dass eine bauliche Abtrennung des Raucherraumes von den übrigen Bereichen des Betriebes besteht, entspr?che auch bei Vorhandensein von getrennten Lüftungsanlagen dem Erfordernis des § 13a Abs 2 TabakG nicht.     

Kein Aussonderungsrecht am Kaufpreis im Konkurs des Verkäufers aufgrund der Nebenabrede, den Kaufpreis für den Fall der Ausübung eines Rückverkaufsrechts "treuhändig" zu halten

Eine Vereinbarung, derzufolge die Verk?ufer nach wirksamer übertragung des verkauften Gesch?ftsanteils an einer GmbH den dafür gezahlten Kaufpreis für den Fall der Ausübung eines Rückverkaufsrechts des K?ufers "treuh?ndig" für den K?ufer halten und dabei das wirtschaftliche Risiko (etwa einer verlustbringenden Veranlagung) tragen sollen, gew?hrt dem K?ufer im Konkurs der Verk?ufer kein Aussonderungsrecht. Durch die Geltendmachung des Rückverkaufsrechts im Sinn des § 1071 ABGB entsteht lediglich ein schuldrechtlicher Anspruch auf übertragung des (im Voraus festgelegten) Rückkaufpreises gegen Rückübertragung der Gesellschaftsanteile. Die dargestellte Nebenabrede der Parteien rechtfertigt es nicht, die Forderungen gegen die Bank als den Verk?ufern wirtschaftlich fremdes Verm?gen anzusehen; sie kann daher keinen Aussonderungsgrund bilden.     

Local Politics Online: The Influence of Presumed Influence on Local Politicians’ Online Communication Activities in Germany

Abstract

How extensively local politicians use online media to communicate with others and the factors that influence their online activities have rarely been examined. In particular, it is unknown whether local politicians use online media more extensively when they believe that online media has a strong political influence on others. To examine this, a standardised survey among German local politicians was conducted (n = 608). The results showed the following: The stronger the politicians perceive the influence of facebook and Twitter on journalists to be, the more extensively they spread information via these social media networks. However, the presumed influences on the public or on other politicians do not affect those online activities. Thus, local politicians apparently do not pursue a disintermediation strategy – they do not try to bypass journalism by directly addressing the public. Rather, journalists seem to be an important target group for local politicians’ online communication efforts.     

The innovative performance of foreign-owned enterprises in small open economies

This paper compares the innovative performance of foreign-owned and domestically owned enterprises in five European countries. We look at innovation inputs, outputs, and examine how strong foreign-owned enterprises are embedded in the innovations systems of their host countries. We find that foreign ownership is associated with similar levels of innovation input, but higher levels of innovation output and higher labour productivity compared to domestic ownership. In four of the five countries, affiliates of foreign multinationals show a similar or even a higher propensity to co-operate with domestic partners than domestically owned enterprises.

Beyond opportunism: Intermediary loyalty in regulation and governance

Regulators and other governors rely on intermediaries to set and implement policies and to regulate targets. Existing literatures focus heavily on intermediaries of a single type – Opportunists, motivated solely by self-interest. But intermediaries can also be motivated by different types of loyalty: to leaders (Vassals), to policies (Zealots), or to institutions (Mandarins). While all three types of loyalists are resistant to the traditional problems of opportunism (slacking and capture), each brings pathologies of its own. We explain the behavioral logic of each type of loyalty and analyze the risks and rewards of different intermediary loyalties – both for governors and for the public interest. We illustrate our claims with examples drawn from many different realms of regulation and governance.