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911.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of research and technology organizations (RTO) on firm competitiveness.
To this end, we develop a framework that includes strategies to deal with the methodological problems highlighted in the literature.
The main features of this framework are the definition and classification of different types of impacts, the estimation of
(rough) quantitative measures of them and the development of a multivariate model to explain the different impacts including
the traditional indicators of firm characteristics and their relationships. The empirical work is based on a database constructed
from information from the responses to a questionnaire designed specifically to estimate the impact of RTOs on Spanish firms,
and information from the Spanish Innovation Survey. Our findings show that firms are able to recognize the influence of these
relationships on different technical, economic, investment and intangible impacts and to roughly estimate their economic impact,
and that several characteristics of these relationships affect the impact of RTOs. 相似文献
912.
This article tracks the development of opium use in present day Iran. Investigating how opium use is influenced by ideological
change within the country, this paper intimately attempts to understand how Iranian intellectual, religious and national movements
affected and still affect opium use. Working from an historicist approach, this paper furthermore investigates the changing
response of the state to this opiate addiction. Analyzing the Islamic Republic's response to opiate-drug use is key in understanding
how state policy decisions are influenced by and embedded within these ideological movements of a nation, and, specifically,
how the Islamic Republic’s constitutional policy of maslahat allows for flexible legal strategies to combat drug control. Such an investigation is important, not only in understanding
the etiology of Iranian policies of drug control and criminalization, but also in understanding how ideological movements
affect an individual’s choice to use illegal substances. 相似文献
913.
We examine legislative shirking under conditions of imperfect constituent monitoring. Our core argument states that variation in information costs and constituent memory leads to systematic variation in constituent monitoring over time. Assuming that legislators are responsive to multiple cues, we expect to observe time-dependent legislative shirking. We develop a theoretical model of legislative behavior with time-dependent monitoring, which we test empirically using Senate roll call data. Our findings show that a substantial number of senators engage in systematic, time-dependent shirking, and that senators consistently move toward extreme positions when monitoring is low and toward moderate positions when it is high. 相似文献
914.
915.
916.
The value of earmarks as an efficient means of personal identification is still subject to debate. It has been argued that the field is lacking a firm systematic and structured data basis to help practitioners to form their conclusions. Typically, there is a paucity of research guiding as to the selectivity of the features used in the comparison process between an earmark and reference earprints taken from an individual. This study proposes a system for the automatic comparison of earprints and earmarks, operating without any manual extraction of key-points or manual annotations. For each donor, a model is created using multiple reference prints, hence capturing the donor within source variability. For each comparison between a mark and a model, images are automatically aligned and a proximity score, based on a normalized 2D correlation coefficient, is calculated. Appropriate use of this score allows deriving a likelihood ratio that can be explored under known state of affairs (both in cases where it is known that the mark has been left by the donor that gave the model and conversely in cases when it is established that the mark originates from a different source). To assess the system performance, a first dataset containing 1229 donors elaborated during the FearID research project was used. Based on these data, for mark-to-print comparisons, the system performed with an equal error rate (EER) of 2.3% and about 88% of marks are found in the first 3 positions of a hitlist. When performing print-to-print transactions, results show an equal error rate of 0.5%. The system was then tested using real-case data obtained from police forces. 相似文献
917.
Innocent victims of crime are often blamed for what happened to them. In this article, we examine the hypothesis that victim
blaming can be significantly reduced when people mimic the behavior of the victim or even a person unrelated to the crime.
Participants watched a person on a video after which we assessed the extent of their spontaneous mimicry reactions (Study
1) or participants were instructed to mimic or not to mimic the movements of this person (Study 2). Then, they were informed
about a rape and criminal assault and judged the degree to which they thought the victims were responsible for the crime.
One of the crimes happened to the same person as the person they previously did or did not mimic. The other crime happened
to a person unrelated to the mimicry situation. Results of both studies revealed that previously mimicking the victim or an
unrelated person reduced the degree to which victims were being blamed. 相似文献
918.
Two decades ago, scholars predicted that the economic and political transformations underway in the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe would be accompanied by fundamental shifts in societal values and norms. Unlike political reforms, changes in societal norms were believed to take place gradually, as individuals became increasingly socialized by new institutions and conditions. In this article, we analyze change in a core set of societal norms??beliefs in distributive justice??in the Czech Republic over the last two decades, and locate those trends in regional perspective. What we find is that, over time, the negative association between egalitarian and meritocratic norms has increasingly strengthened, suggesting a crystallization of those norms as opposing value sets. In addition, attachments to those norms are increasingly structured by respondents?? socio-economic status. In order words, the research confirms that subjective norms in the Czech Republic are increasingly shaped by objective social status in ways common in advanced democracies, and that we can speak not only of a crystallization of the value system, but of a corresponding ??re-stratification?? of justice beliefs in relation to social position. 相似文献
919.
Academic debate on public utility regulation has considerably evolved over the past 50 years. The conflict between the supporters
of franchise regulation and commission regulation has given way to much more balanced in-depth analyses. Regulation is defined
on the basis of its structure but also its scope and regulation incentives. A regulation mode must above all be evaluated
with regard to the institutional environment. We propose a neo-institutionally-inspired analysis framework and show how the
dynamic relationship between regulation and the institutional environment can lead to reforms and ultimately to more efficient
regulation. The findings of a French water utility sector analysis underline how a series of national normative reforms and
local exploratory reforms can give rise to innovations in the regulation mode. This new hybrid regulation, between commission
regulation and franchise bidding, could be more effective than previous regulation mode, i.e. more stable and in line with
stakeholders’ expectations. 相似文献
920.
Bernhard Stöberl 《Juristische Bl?tter》2012,134(2):134-136
Sachverst?ndigengutachten aus den Jahren 1999 bzw 2002 k?nnen für die Beurteilung der Genehmigungsf?higkeit einer Betriebsanlage
im Jahre 2011 keine taugliche Grundlage bilden. Der zum Beweis des Vorliegens der Genehmigungsvoraussetzungen des § 77 GewO
1994 herangezogene Sachverst?ndige kann seiner Beurteilung vom Konsenswerber vorgelegte Messberichte zu Grunde legen, sofern
er diese nach eigenverantwortlicher überprüfung für unbedenklich h?lt. 相似文献