Federal Reimbursement for Mandates on State and Local Governments

One of the remedies sought by state and local officials for the growing burden of federal mandates is a mandate reimbursement law. A major purpose of mandate reimbursement is to deter Congress from imposing excessive costs on state and local governments by making it fully accountable for its actions. The paper begins by extending the economic theory of grants to mandates and reimbursed mandates. It goes on to assess the benefits and costs of mandate reimbursement, and to distinguish mandates that should be reimbursed, should a reimbursement program prove desirable, from those that should not. Then, using the economic theory of grants and mandates, the paper compares reimbursed mandates with two alternatives for accomplishing the same objective, compensating grants and procedural rules. It concludes that the latter are more promising than mandate reimbursement.     

环境责任保险制度的国际实践与借鉴

借鉴国外先进的立法经验,建立以强制责任保险为主,任意责任保险为辅,限额赔偿和受害者全部索赔相结合的环境责任保险基本制度。同时,采取扩大环境责任保险范围、制定科学合理的保险费率、以联保集团作为承保机构以及放宽保险的索赔时效期间等措施来健全环境责任保险的具体制度。     

社会主义法治与政治文明

发展社会主义民主政治 ,建设社会主义政治文明 ,是社会主义现代化建设的重要目标。在现代社会 ,要实现政治文明 ,就必须把一切政治活动纳入法律范围 ,而不能超越于法律之上或游离于法律之外。     

A Prospect Theory Analysis of California's Initiatives in Implementation of its Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) Mandate1

In 1990, the state of California passed the pioneering mandate on zero emission vehicles (ZEV). This technology‐forcing regulation is aimed at improvement of air quality and protection of public health from the adverse effects of air pollutants from automobiles. Facing severe opposition from the auto industry, the mandate has been revised a number of times, most recently in 2003, whereby the requirement for ZEVs have been made to align with the pace of technology development. Review of strategies used in implementation of the mandate has revealed greater emphasis on the economic incentives for rather than on environmental merits of ZEVs. Using prospect theory as the framework for analysis, the reasons have been explored. The findings of the study help us to understand how decisions are made with respect with to deviations from a mental anchor point and through the process of evaluation of losses and gains.     

胸外按摩致肋骨骨折法医病理学分析

目的　探讨胸外按摩致肋骨骨折特点。　方法　对 1990～ 2 0 0 0年间华西医科大学法医学院所做 30例胸外按摩致肋骨骨折的尸检进行法医病理统计分析。　结果　肋骨骨折男性 2 8,女性 2例 ,年龄为 18～ 6 8岁 ,胸外按摩骨折主要发生在疾病、电击伤、溺死及中毒病例 ,以第 6～ 9肋骨的腋前、中线骨折常见 ,多为左侧。　结论　胸外按摩与外伤所致肋骨骨折具有明显的区别。