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91.
This paper aims to review randomized experiments in criminology with offending outcomes and reasonably large numbers that were published between 1982 and 2004. A total of 83 experiments are summarized, compared with only 35 published between 1957 and 1981: 12 on policing, 13 on prevention, 14 on corrections, 22 on courts, and 22 on community interventions. Randomized experiments are still relatively uncommon, but there have been more large-scale multi-site experiments and replication programs. There have also been several experiments in which 100 or more places were randomly assigned. Relatively few experiments (only 10 out of 83) were conducted outside the United States. Meta-analyses suggest that prevention methods, correctional therapy, batterer programs, drug courts, juvenile restitution and deterrent policing were effective in reducing offending, while Scared Straight and boot camp programs caused a significant increase in offending. 相似文献
92.
The study outlined in this article addressed a key limitation of prior research on the punishment of juveniles transferred to adult court by employing propensity score matching techniques to create more comparable samples of juvenile and young adult offenders. Using recent data from the Maryland State Commission on Criminal Sentencing Policy, it tested competing theoretical propositions about the salience of juvenile status in adult court. Findings indicate that even after rigorous statistical matching procedures, juvenile offenders are punished more severely than their young adult counterparts. We found no evidence that this “juvenile penalty” is exacerbated by an offender's race or gender, but it does vary starkly across offense type and mode of transfer, being driven primarily by drug crimes and discretionary waivers. The import of these findings is discussed as they relate to the future of juvenile justice policy regarding the continued use of juvenile transfer to adult court. 相似文献
93.
Robert Guthrie 《Law & policy》2002,24(3):229-268
Workers Compensation claims are not interpersonal disputes. Almost always they are disputes between individuals and corporations. Compensation insurers are "repeat players" in the system. Workers are often "one–shotters" who have little or infrequent contact with the system. Power inequality between the worker, employer, insurer, and those who are required to facilitate negotiations and resolve and settle disputes under compensation legislation are matters of considerable importance. This paper examines the effects of the implementation, in 1993, of informal dispute resolution processes in the Western Australian workers compensation system under the Workers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 1981(WA), which excluded lawyers from the process. It argues that preexisting power imbalances have been aggravated by these procedural changes, and in particular, by the exclusion of legal practitioners from the dispute resolution process. The issues raised herein have general application to most workers compensation systems. 相似文献
94.
Kieran St C. Bradley 《European Law Journal》1997,3(3):230-254
The European Parliament has generally been deeply distrustful of the comitology system, primarily on the grounds that it allows the national administrations to undermine its supervisory role in the area of implementing legislation. Parliament has therefore sought to use the political, budgetary and jurisdictional means at its disposal to counteract the spread of comitology, or at least to promote the less intrusive forms of committee procedure. These initiatives have not, for the most part, been wholly successful; neither the interinstitutional agreements nor Parliament's arguments before the Court of Justice have produced the results it had hoped for. Parliament has been able, however, to use its Maastricht powers to influence the choice of committee procedure included in legislation adopted under codecision, and its budgetary tactics have forced the Commission to rationalise somewhat the annual expenditure on committees of all kinds and to bring a modicum of transparency into their operation. The imminence of the intergovernmental conference led to a suspension of hostilities towards the end of 1996. 相似文献
95.
Little literature has been developed to describe the process of transferring a corporation's technology between international
units of that company for ultimate transfer to their external customers (Kimberly 1981 and Leonard-Barton and Sinha 1993).
This paper addresses the issues at Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. involved in the transfer of applications technology. Technology
is transferred from the unit of the corporation which develops the technology to international affiliates and subsidiaries.
The ultimate goal is the support of product sales to the external industrial customer. A strategy for this type of organization
is described which is supported by references to theoretical constructs in the literature and empirical observations from
the organization itself. 相似文献
96.
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John Kerbs Ph.D. Kyubeom Choi Ph.D. Stephen Rollin Ed.D. Robert Gutierrez Ed.D. Isabelle Potts J.D. Jayme Harpring Ph.D. Alia H. Creason Ph.D. Tam Dao M.S. 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2005,30(1):121-141
Although past research has developed scales for the incidence, prevalence, and fear of student-on-student victimization (SSV),
little is known about the scaling of perceived risk (i.e., the cognitive appraisal of the chances of experiencing SSV). Hence,
this study examined self-report survey data for the perceived risk of SSV as measured in the Adolescent Index for School Safety
(AISS). Children in grades 7 through 10 (n=337) in a single Florida public school completed the AISS. Factor analyses using
Maximum Likelihood Estimation with Oblimin Rotation identified nine unique factors for perceived risk. Reliability analyses
found standardized Cronbach Alphas that ranged from .64 to .91, and seven out of the nine identified scales were above .80,
which suggested good to excellent internal consistency. Future research should examine the content validity, construct validity,
and predictive validity for the AISS and other self-report surveys of SSV dynamics.
This publication was made possible by a grant [#97-MU-FX-KO12 (S-l)] from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
(O.J.J.D.P.), United States Department of Justice (U.S.D.O.J.). This grant is administered through the Hamilton Fish National
Institute on School and Community Violence at George Washington University. This specific study was developed and implemented
by staff at: 1) East Carolina University’s Department of Criminal Justice; and 2) Florida State University’s Center for Educational
Research and Policy Studies. All points of view and opinions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the official position or policies of East Carolina University, Florida State University, the Hamilton Fish National
Institute on School and Community Violence, the O.J.J.D.P., or the U.S.D.OJ. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Bill
Doerner and Jennifer Jolley for their support, editorial feedback, and insightful comments regarding earlier drafts of this
paper. 相似文献
100.