Identification of the driver in two-rider motorcycle accidents. Inguinal contusion-laceration as an indication of the driver

In motorcycle accidents involving two riders, medicolegal identification of the driver is necessary when one or both riders die. It is particularly important in the latter case, because the survivor almost always insists that he or she was not driving. One characteristic injury that distinguishes the driver from the passenger is inguinal contusion-laceration (accompanied internally by pelvic fracture). This injury, caused by collision of the pelvis with the fuel tank, identifies the driver.     

New Requirements and Key Tasks of the 14th Five-Year Plan under the New Pattern of Modernization in the New Era

The “14th Five-Year Plan” period is a period of change in the transformation of old and new kinetic energies, and is facing a big change that has not occurred in a century. The “14th Five-Year Plan” will link the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects with the opening of a new journey of socialist modernization. In the new historical orientation, the “14th Five-Year Plan” needs to be based on the new pattern of modernization to assess its new requirements, in the planning guidance level requires deepening of the new development concept; in the planning guidance requires high-quality development of the economy, society and people's lives as the core, to achieve the goal of modernization and modernization of human development. The main lines of planning call for modernization, such as strengthening the modern economic system and modernizing the national governance system and capacity. Accordingly, the key tasks of the “14th Five-Year Plan” should include fostering new impetus for modern development, improving the modern market system, developing a modern industrial system, improving the modern mechanism for coordinated regional development and promoting ecological modernization, and then promoting China's economic and social development on the path of modernization.     

General Deterrence and Corporate Environmental Behavior*

This research addresses the assumption that “general deterrence” is an important key to enhanced compliance with regulatory laws. Through a survey of 233 firms in several industries in the United States, we sought to answer the following questions: (1) When severe legal penalties are imposed against a violator of environmental laws, do other companies in the same industry actually learn about such “signal cases”? (2) Does knowing about “signal cases” change firms’ compliance‐related behavior? It was found that only 42 percent of respondents could identify the “signal case,” but 89 percent could identify some enforcement actions against other firms, and 63 percent of firms reported having taken some compliance‐related actions in response to learning about such cases. Overall, it is concluded that because most firms are in compliance already (for a variety of other reasons), this form of “explicit general deterrence” knowledge usually serves not to enhance the perceived threat of legal punishment, but as reassurance that compliance is not foolish and as a reminder to check on the reliability of existing compliance routines.     

Error minimization and deterrence in agency control

In the presented oversight model, in which a regulatory agency may collude with regulatees, a watchdog organization may scrutinize the agency’s decision-making and find evidence speaking for collusive behavior. Found evidence is of a specific, stochastic quality. Courts will overturn the administrative decision when the evidence presented in court exceeds a minimum quality standard set by the political principal. Lowering the quality standard increases the odds of finding evidence of sufficient quality and, hence, leads to increasing collusion deterrence and to a lower probability of acquitting collusive administrators (type I error), but also to a higher probability of convicting an innocent administrator (type II error). It is shown that, when welfare-maximization gives rise to an interior solution, the welfare-maximizing standard of evidence is lower than the one that merely minimizes the costs of legal errors without taking deterrence costs into account, but will imply incomplete deterrence. However, conditions can and will be identified under which both error cost minimization and complete deterrence coincide with welfare-maximization.     

Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between job demands, job resources, and burnout, and to examine if burnout could predict both work and health-related outcomes among police officers. The participants were 223 Norwegian police officers, and data were collected using a questionnaire. The study was part of a national survey of both health care and non-health care professions. The overall level of burnout was low among police officers compared to other occupational groups tested in Norway. Both job demands and job resources were related to burnout, especially work-family pressure was an important predictor for all of the three burnout dimensions. Burnout predicted individual outcomes, such as psychosomatic complaints and satisfaction with life, as well as work outcomes, such as job satisfaction, intention to quit, and organizational commitment. Suggestions for potential interventions to reduce burnout and negative individual and organizational consequences are presented.     

开发区管理委员会的法律地位

在开发区发展壮大的过程中,开发区管理委员会发挥了重要作用,但也存在一些问题,法律地位不明确便是其中之一。把开发区管理委员会归类为“法律、法规授权组织”或“派出机构”都明显不妥,而将其界定为一级政府的派出机关更符合实践现状。应积极推进相关立法,明确开发区管理委员会的法律地位,并加强其在职责权限、机构设置、领导体制和管理模式等方面的制度建设,以适应开发区的可持续发展。     

US Presidential popularity and opportunities to coerce North Korea: a quantitative test 1990 2000

This paper investigates how North Korean behaviour towards boththe United States and South Korea is influenced by the popularityof the American President. The study applies theories relatingto strategic conflict avoidance and signalling to suggest thatthe American President is able to demonstrate a willingnessto use force when he is unpopular and as such is better ableto coerce Pyongyang. Using a time-series model, I demonstratethat the North Koreans become more cooperative towards the UnitedStates in response to decreases in presidential popularity andincreasing levels of US inflation. However, the study also showsthat the North Koreans do not alter their behaviour towardsthe South Koreans in response to low American President Popularityratings. The research, therefore, suggests that the North Koreansbelieve that the United States would be unable to launch a diversionaryattack in response to North Korean behaviour towards the South.This study provides a clear support for the strategic avoidanceof conflict hypothesis and suggests that the American Presidentsare best able to coerce North Korea when they are unpopularat home. Received for publication August 31, 2005. Accepted for publication December 21, 2005.     

伊拉克战后重建中的政党政治发展

伊拉克战后重建中的政党政治发展,主要体现为伊拉克不同种族和宗派政治势力的扩大与冲突。为适应战后所谓“民主化政治重建”的需要,各种族和宗派势力都积极建立政党,通过参与选举来扩大自己的政治权力。但面对战后现实的政治环境,各政党须靠建立民兵武装维护和扩大势力范围。同时,政党还通过提供就业机会和其他物质利益吸引支持者。这种集政治、军事和经济为一体的政党政治发展,会进一步加深伊拉克种族和宗派势力之间的分化,削弱国家的中央权力,对伊拉克未来的国家建立和政治发展造成深远影响。