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51.
In the past suicidal behavior among Black South Africans has been largely underresearched. Earlier studies among the other main ethnic groups in the country showed suicidal behavior in those groups to be a serious problem. This article briefly reviews some of the more recent research on suicidal behavior in Black South Africans. The results indicate an apparent increase in suicidal behavior in this group. Several explanations are offered for the change in suicidal behavior in the reported clinical populations. This includes past difficulties for all South Africans to access health care facilities in the Apartheid (legal racial separation) era, and present difficulties of post-Apartheid transformation the South African society is undergoing, as the people struggle to come to terms with the deleterious effects of the former South African racial policies, related socio-cultural, socio-economic, and other pressures. 相似文献
52.
Gardner Rick M. Friedman Brenda N. Jackson Natalie A. 《Journal of youth and adolescence》1999,28(5):603-618
Results of the second year of a 3-year longitudinal study on children's body size estimations are reported. Participants were 216 male and female children age 6 through 13. Body size estimations were measured using a TV-video methodology. Three psychophysical procedures measured perceived body size, idealized size, and body dissatisfaction. Self-esteem, body esteem, birth order, number of siblings, and parents' socioeconomic status (SES) were measured.
Children were accurate in estimating body size, with no gender, age, or ethnic differences. Individual estimations varied greatly over the 1-year test-retest interval. Children had a slight bias to report that their body size was distorted too wide. Both genders wanted to be thinner, with females wanting to be increasingly thinner as they became older. Females were also more dissatisfied with their body size. Taller and heavier children with high SES fathers wanted a thinner idealized body size. Taller, thinner children had less body size dissatisfaction. Children with a larger number of siblings who were one of the first born were more dissatisfied with their body size. Children who gained weight during the previous year without a concomitant growth in height were also more dissatisfied with their body and wanted to be thinner. Body size estimation is viewed as an important aspect of one's body image and is mediated by many different variables, each of which individually explains only a small part of the variance. 相似文献
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54.
Elisabetta Crocetti Theo A. Klimstra William W. Hale III Hans M. Koot Wim Meeus 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2013,42(11):1745-1758
Adolescents at-risk for problem behaviors can have more difficulties in developing a firm sense of personal identity. Hence the purpose of this prospective longitudinal study was to scrutinize how externalizing problems in early adolescence impact identity development in middle to late adolescence. Participants were 443 (43.12 % female) Dutch adolescents. Teachers rated their externalizing problem behaviors when participants were 11 or 12 years old and their identity formation was studied during five consecutive years (from 14 to 18 years of age). The sample was divided into four groups: boys and girls with a high versus a low-risk for externalizing problem behaviors. Participants completed a self-report measure of identity commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment. Multi-group Latent Growth Curve and profile stability analyses were used to evaluate identity development across adolescence. Findings indicated that high-risk boys and girls reported a less structured identity, with lower levels of commitment and higher levels of reconsideration of commitment. Since externalizing problems behaviors and lack of a coherent sense of identity might reinforce each other, early intervention for high-risk adolescents might foster positive youth development. 相似文献
55.
56.
Marloes P. A. Van Dijk Susan Branje Loes Keijsers Skyler T. Hawk William W. Hale III Wim Meeus 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2014,43(11):1861-1876
Higher self-concept clarity is related to several adjustment indices and may be promoted by open communication with parents, while problems with self-concept clarity development could enhance internalizing problems (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms) in adolescence. This longitudinal study examined linkages between self-concept clarity, adolescents’ open communication with parents, and adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms. Dutch youths (N = 323; 51.1 % girls; mean age Time 1 = 13.3 years) reported on these constructs over four consecutive annual measurements. Concurrent positive links between open communication and self-concept clarity were found at Time 1. Over time, higher levels of open communication with parents predicted higher self-concept clarity only in middle adolescence (mean age between 14 and 15 years). We also found concurrent associations between self-concept clarity and both depressive and anxiety symptoms. Longitudinally, lower self-concept clarity predicted relatively higher levels of depressive symptoms across all waves, and also higher anxiety levels from Time 1 to Time 2. Conversely, higher levels of anxiety also predicted lower levels of self-concept clarity during the first three waves. Self-concept clarity did not mediate the longitudinal associations between open communication and internalizing symptoms. This study is one of the first to investigate self-concept clarity across adolescence. It highlights the possible importance of both anxiety symptoms and communication with parents in understanding the development of a clear self-concept, and demonstrates an association between lower self-concept clarity and higher levels of later depressive and anxiety symptoms. 相似文献
57.
Theo A. Klimstra William W. Hale III Quinten A. W. Raaijmakers Susan J. T. Branje Wim H. J. Meeus 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(2):150-162
The aim of this five-wave longitudinal study of 923 early to middle adolescents (50.7% boys; 49.3% girls) and 390 middle to
late adolescents (43.3% boys and 56.7% girls) is to provide a comprehensive view on change and stability in identity formation
from ages 12 to 20. Several types of change and stability (i.e., mean-level change, rank-order stability, and profile similarity)
were assessed for three dimensions of identity formation (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration), using
adolescent self-report questionnaires. Results revealed changes in identity dimensions towards maturity, indicated by a decreasing
tendency for reconsideration, increasingly more in-depth exploration, and increasingly more stable identity dimension profiles.
Mean levels of commitment remained stable, and rank-order stability of commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration
did not change with age. Overall, girls were more mature with regard to identity formation in early adolescence, but boys
had caught up with them by late adolescence. Taken together, our findings indicate that adolescent identity formation is guided
by progressive changes in the way adolescents deal with commitments, rather than by changes in the commitments themselves. 相似文献
58.
Understanding the developmental precursors to civic involvement in emerging adulthood is important to help cultivate and sustain youth's civic involvement. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of human development and social capital theory, this study examined the pathways that link childhood neighborhood attributes, changes in family and school social capital during adolescence, and civic involvement in emerging adulthood. Three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n?=?7,209, 54?% female, 63?% white, 18?% African-American, 11?% Hispanic) and multi-level models were used to examine the research questions set forth in this study. Findings revealed that increases in family and school social capital during adolescence had direct influences on emerging adult's civic involvement 7?years later. The effect of childhood neighborhood attributes was only weakly mediated by family and school social capital. However, the expression of family and school influences on emerging adult's civic involvement was found to differ by neighborhood groups, gender, and race. These results help to illustrate the importance of examining multi-contextual as well as demographic influences on civic involvement in emerging adulthood. In addition, the results from this study can inform efforts to strengthen the theory of adolescent civic involvement and policies on how to educate youth and communities on civic involvement and its benefits. 相似文献
59.
The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to identify how school factors were related to perpetration of dating violence
among adolescents; and (2) to assess how these factors may reduce or exacerbate the relationship between parental domestic
violence and adolescents’ perpetration of dating violence, while accounting for individual and family characteristics from
early adolescence. Three waves of data from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study were used (N = 765; Ages 16–20 at Wave 3). Lagged Ordinary Least Squares multiple regression techniques were utilized to examine the link
between perpetration of dating violence and school factors. Results are presented separately by adolescents’ sex and ethnicity-by-sex.
Early involvement with antisocial peers and an increase in involvement with antisocial peers over time were linked to perpetration
of dating violence for males, females, African-American females, and Hispanic males. Lack of school safety and academic difficulties
during early adolescence exacerbated the impact of parental domestic violence exposure for African-American males and Hispanic
males, respectively. Early school involvement, surprisingly, exacerbated this impact for Hispanic females. Implications for
the prevention of perpetration of dating violence are explored.
Melissa P. Schnurr M.S. is a Doctoral student in Human Development and Family Studies at Iowa State University. Schnurr also holds a M.S. in Human Development and Family Studies from Iowa State University. She has research interests in adolescent romantic relationships, adolescent dating violence perpetration, and the effects of the school, family, and neighborhood environments on adolescent development. Brenda J. Lohman Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor of Human Development and Family Studies and a Faculty Affiliate of the Institute for Social and Behavior Research at Iowa State University. Lohman holds a Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies from The Ohio State University and a M.S. in Developmental Psychology from Illinois State University. Utilizing a multidisciplinary framework, her research interests focus on the successful academic, psychological, social, and sexual adjustment of adolescents especially those from economically disadvantaged minority families and communities. 相似文献
Brenda J. LohmanEmail: |
Melissa P. Schnurr M.S. is a Doctoral student in Human Development and Family Studies at Iowa State University. Schnurr also holds a M.S. in Human Development and Family Studies from Iowa State University. She has research interests in adolescent romantic relationships, adolescent dating violence perpetration, and the effects of the school, family, and neighborhood environments on adolescent development. Brenda J. Lohman Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor of Human Development and Family Studies and a Faculty Affiliate of the Institute for Social and Behavior Research at Iowa State University. Lohman holds a Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies from The Ohio State University and a M.S. in Developmental Psychology from Illinois State University. Utilizing a multidisciplinary framework, her research interests focus on the successful academic, psychological, social, and sexual adjustment of adolescents especially those from economically disadvantaged minority families and communities. 相似文献
60.
Public administration research has identified networks, professionalization, and collaboration with community interests as potential principles by which public organizations can enhance their capacity and effectiveness. This article explores the implementation of these principles by election administrators at the local level, where their ability to conduct elections is the subject of current scrutiny. Findings indicate that election administrators established networks, professional organizations, professionalization requirements and community collaborations prior to the passage of the Help America Vote Act of 2002. Findings also suggest that local election efforts may become more effective as a result of certain provisions of the act that promote centralization and information dissemination. Local election administrators may also continue to build capacity by applying these public administration principles. 相似文献