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Openness, Uncertainty, and Social Spending: Implications for the Globalization— Welfare State Debate
We extend the literature on openness and spending in developing countries arguing that the effect of increasing openness depends on both regime type and the level of openness. Democracies respond to increases in openness by increasing spending while dictatorships respond by decreasing spending. However, the degree to which countries pursue the strategy of choice depends on the level of openness. In autarkic countries, an increase in import competition has more severe consequences for perceptions of job insecurity and dislocation. In response, government management of openness will be more vigorous under these conditions regardless of whether the leader increases or decreases spending. Economic selection mechanisms at work will produce an outcome wherein, at higher levels of openness, further import liberalization has smaller effects on perceptions of job insecurity and dislocation. Hence, both the demand and the supply of government management of openness will be lower. 相似文献
54.
Periodic collective bargaining between employers and unions, combined with contract administration and workplace dispute resolution, has provided many core insights for the broad field of negotiations. Over the past twenty-five years, this arena has advanced knowledge regarding the interdependence of integrative and distributive bargaining, the concurrent shaping of attitudes, the management of internal relations (within a party), and the roles of elected and appointed agents. Public sector negotiations have provided new insights into the dynamics of multilateral bargaining as well as a broad array of mediation and arbitration models. While the number of labor agreements negotiated each year has declined over the past half century, at least 23,000 private sector agreements are still executed each year and fundamental changes in industrial relations systems make continued attention to labor–management negotiations of increasing importance. In particular, this arena now features highly structured approaches applying interest-based bargaining principles and presents profound challenges as power relations shift in multiple ways. 相似文献
55.
The deposition of methamphetamine within indoor environments due to illegal activities can pose a health risk for occupants. Current cleaning techniques are costly and inefficient, calling for the development of alternative remediation methods. In addition, the fate of methamphetamine in indoor environments is largely unknown, negatively impacting our knowledge on the health risks associated with contaminated dwellings. Under the conditions of this study, 97% of surface deposited methamphetamine on a paper substrate was consumed after 12 min of exposure to ozone, thus demonstrating potential for its use as a remediation agent. The reaction had an effective second‐order rate constant with an upper limit of 2.15 ± 1 × 10?18 cm3/molecule/s, and the main product observed was phenyl‐2‐propanone (P2P) at 8.3% yield, as determined using GC/MS. Several products observed in this study have also been reported as by‐products of methamphetamine synthesis, including P2P—a known methamphetamine precursor, which indicates that their detection at a potential clandestine site is not necessarily evidence of manufacture. 相似文献
56.
Joel SmithAuthor VitaeVictoria HorseyAuthor Vitae 《Computer Law & Security Report》2011,27(3):305-307
On 1st March 2011, the scope of the CAP Code was extended, giving the Advertising Standards Authority significantly expanded powers to regulate marketing claims made by advertisers on their own websites and in other non-paid-for space under their control, such as social networking sites and company blogs. The ASA’s extended remit will apply to all sectors and all businesses and organisations which are operating from the UK, regardless of size, in a move to ensure the same standards of consumer and business protection in the digital space as in other media. The extension aims to plug a regulatory gap following a formal recommendation from a wide cross-section of UK industry. 相似文献
57.
Joel M. Caplan Leslie W. Kennedy Gohar Petrossian 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(3):255-274
We present a test of the crime-deterrent effect of police-monitored street-viewing CCTV cameras using viewsheds of areas that
were visible by cameras via direct line-of-sight and that were digitized using easily replicable methods, Google Maps, and
standard GIS tools. A quasi-experimental research design, using camera installation sites and randomly selected control sites,
assessed the impact of CCTV on the crimes of shootings, auto thefts, and thefts from autos in Newark, NJ, for 13 months before
and after camera installation dates. Strategically-placed cameras were not any different from randomly-placed cameras at deterring
crime within their viewsheds; there were statistically significant reductions in auto thefts within viewsheds after camera
installations; there were significant improvements to location quotient values for shootings and auto thefts after camera
installations. There was no significant displacement and there was a small diffusion of benefits, which was greater for auto
thefts than shootings. The system of cameras in Newark is not as efficient as it could be at deterring certain street crimes;
some camera locations are significantly more effective than others. Results of a system-wide evaluation of CCTV cameras should
not be the only basis for endorsing or contesting the use of CCTV cameras for crime control or prevention within a city. Future
research should test whether the effectiveness of CCTV cameras are dependent upon the micro-level attributes of environments
within which they are installed. 相似文献
58.
Police departments across the United States are now integrating new visual monitoring technology (e.g. unmanned aerial vehicles [UAVs or ‘drones’], body cameras) into routine police practices. Despite their potential use in multiple areas of proactive and reactive policing, public attitudes toward police use of UAVs, and visual monitoring technology overall, is mixed. As an extension of previous research, the current study uses a national survey to assess how well individuals’ perceptions about police legitimacy, effectiveness, and other criminal justice attitudes predict the level of public receptivity and opposition toward police UAV use in various contexts. The implications of these findings for public policy and law enforcement practices are discussed. 相似文献
59.
This article analyzes the development of foreign investment regulations and their impact on FDI flows in Mexico. The study covers the evolution of sectoral and aggregate investment patterns from the independence period to the 1994 Peso crisis and its aftermath. The pattern followed by FDI in Mexico has paralleled the transformation of the Mexican economy itself, focusing initially on the extractive and agricultural sectors, then on manufacturing activities, and recently on the services sector. Mexico has continuously reformed and modernized its regulatory system in order to adapt to internal political changes and changes in the world economic environment. Recent economic reforms and liberalization of FDI regulations have had a major positive impact on capital inflows, but more needs to be done, especially in the area of financial services in order to achieve a higher level of economic efficiency and to prevent financial breakdowns like the one experienced in 1994. 相似文献
60.