Environment Canada and the pursuit of administrative decentralization

Abstract: Administrative decentralization has suddenly become a major concern with respect to the operations of the national government in Canada. The specific catalyst has been a perceived need for greater responsiveness, and a belief that devolution of decision-making power to officials in the field is a way to achieve it. It is nevertheless problematic whether the requisite decentralization can be achieved. For one thing, headquarters-field relationships within the Canadian government reflect a powerful centralist orthodoxy. For another, it is difficult to find the right balance between centralization and decentralization in the delivery of services to the public. These problems in administrative decentralization have nowhere been etched more clearly than in the case of Environment Canada, a complex, physically decentralized department established in 1971 to prevent pollution and the degradation of the renewable resource base. It was recognized within Environment Canada at the outset that special initiatives were required to ensure both corporate coordination in the regions and a regional voice in decision-making at the centre. These initiatives took early form as a consensus-seeking regional board of managers, but reached their greatest maturity in an Office of the Regional Director General, a corporate official who sat on the departmental Senior Management Committee and reported directly to the deputy minister. Neither the regional board nor the RDGS fully met their mandate, however, in part because of the complexity of the environmental mission but more so because of the strength of centralist orthodoxy in departmental management structures and processes. As a result, the future of administrative decentralization within this department is now very much in doubt. Environment Canada's experience thus offers one approach to, and a compelling illustration of the difficulties to be overcome in, the pursuit of administrative decentralization in Canada. Sommaire: La déconcentration administrative est brusquement devenue une préocupation majeure en rapport avec le fonctionnement du gouvernement du Canada. Le catalyseur en a été précisément le besoin perçu dune réponse plus rapide et plus souple de la part du gouvernement, ainsi que la croyance selon laquelle le transfert du pouvoir décisionnel aux fonctionnaires régionaux serait l'un des moyens permettant d'y parvenir. Néanmoins, il n'est guère certain que l'on puisse réaliser la déconcentration nécessaire. Dune part, les rapports entre l'administration centrale et les bureaux régionaux, au sein du gouvernement canadien, reflètent une puissante orthodoxie centralisatrice. D'autre part, il est difficile de trouver le juste équilibre entre concentration et déconcentration pour ce qui est de la prestation de services au public. C'est au sein d'Environment Canada que ces problèmes de déconcentration administrative se sont produits de la manière la plus visible; il s'agit d'un ministère complexe, géographiquement déncentré, établi en 1971 pour lutter contre la pollution et contre la degradation des resources renouvelables. Dès le début, Environnement Canada savait qu'il fallait des initiatives spéciales pour assurer la coordination d'ensemble dans les régions, ainsi qu'une voix régionale dans la prise de décisions au centre administratif. Ces initiatives ont rapidernent menéà l'établissement d'un Conseil régional de gestionnaires chargé d'établir le consensus, et ont été couronnées par la mise sur pied des bureaux des directeurs généraux régionaux, fonctionnaires centraux membres du Comité supérieur de gestion du ministère et relevant directernent du sousministre. Ni le Conseil régional, ni les directeurs généraux régionaux n'ont cependant réussi à complètement remplir leur mandat, en partie à cause de la complexité de la mission environnementale, mais plus encore à cause de la force de l'orthodoxie centralisatrice dans les structures et les processus de gestion ministérielle. Par conséquent, l'avenir de la dézoncentration administrative au sein de ce ministère est aujourd'hui très incertain. L'expérience d'Environnement Canada présente ainsi l'une des démarches en matières de déconcentration administrative au Canada; elle illustre bien les difficultés qu'il faudra surmonter.     

Qualitative analysis: a guide to best practice--forensic science extension.

Qualitative analysis is arguably the cornerstone of analysis since what cannot be recognised cannot be quantified. This is especially true in the case of the forensic sciences where, for example, the mere presence of a prohibited, or controlled, substance in an unauthorized setting is indicative of a potential offence. This paper presents a set of principles of good practice in qualitative analysis. The principles are placed in the context of forensic science and extend earlier published guidance.     

Field-portable detection of fentanyl and its analogs: A review

The need to detect fentanyl and its analogs in the field is an important capability to help prevent unintentional exposure or overdose on these substances, which may result in death. Many portable methods historically used in the field by first responders and other field users to detect and identify other chemical substances, such as hazardous materials, have been applied to the detection and identification of these synthetic opioids. This paper describes field portable spectroscopic methods used for the detection and identification of fentanyl and its analogs. The methods described are automated colorimetric tests including lateral flow assays; vibrational spectroscopy (mid-infrared and Raman); gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; ion mobility spectrometry, and high-pressure mass spectrometry. In each case the background and key details of these technologies are outlined, followed by a discussion of the application of the technology in the field. Attention is paid to the analysis of complex mixtures and limits of detection, including the required spectral databases and algorithms used to interrogate these types of samples. There is also an emphasis on providing actionable information to the (likely) non-scientist operators of these instruments in the field.