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231.
The United States government has no elections office and does not attempt to administer congressional and presidential elections. The responsibility for the administration of elections and certification of winners in the United States national elections rests with the states. The states divide election administration responsibilities between state and local election officials, whose objective is an efficiently administered honest election, with the ballots correctly tabulated. The formal structure of election administration in the United States is not capable of providing tirely results of the presidential and congressional election. Similar structural difficulties in other policy areas often result in ad hoc operating agreements or informal cooperation among agencies at different levels of the federal system. In the case of election administration, however, the public officials have abdicated responsibility for election night aqgregation of the national Vote totals to a private organization, News Election Service, which is owned by five major news organizations. This private organization performs without a contract, without public compensation, and without supervision by public officials. It makes decisions concerning its duties according to its own criteria. The questions of responsibility and accountability have not arisen in part because of the private organization's performance record and in part because the responsibility was assumed gradually over a lengthy period without ever being evaluated as an item on the public agenda. 相似文献
232.
Bonita J. Iritani Martha W. Waller Carolyn Tucker Halpern Kathryn E. Moracco Sharon L. Christ Robert L. Flewelling 《Journal of family violence》2013,28(5):459-470
This paper examines the relationships between alcohol outlet density, alcohol use, and perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) among young adult women in the US. Data were from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; N?=?4,430 in present analyses). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine occurrence of past year IPV perpetration toward a male partner based on tract-level on-premise and off-premise alcohol outlet density, controlling for individuals’ demographic, alcohol use, and childhood abuse characteristics and neighborhood socio-demographic factors. Higher off-premise alcohol outlet density was found to be associated with young women’s perpetration of physical only IPV, controlling for individual-level and ecological factors. Alcohol use had an independent association with IPV perpetration but was not a mediator of the outlet density-IPV relationship. Findings suggest that considering alcohol-related environmental factors may help efforts aimed at preventing young women’s use of physical violence toward partners. 相似文献
233.
This empirical study investigates the compliance of 344 Chinese listed companies with the Accounting Standard for Enterprises No. 20‐Business Combination, a mandatory reporting standard applicable to companies involved in business combinations. China has recently reformed its auditing sector, enabling private firms to provide auditing services. The results of the study show a low level of compliance by Chinese listed companies. While companies audited by Chinese domestic auditors have significantly lower compliance than companies audited by Big Four auditors on supplementary disclosure that is mandatory under the Chinese accounting standards, compliance remains low even after companies receive unqualified reports from these international auditors. There appears to be a lack of commitment, and possibly expertise, among Big Four auditors, in fully applying the reporting requirements of the business combination standard in a Chinese setting. This raises concerns about the independence of Chinese auditing in disclosing reliable information about business combinations. Broader theoretical contributions of the paper go beyond the Chinese context by problematizing whether well‐resourced international auditors uphold internationally expected standards or succumb to local non‐compliant practices. 相似文献
234.
This research explores the basis of officer decision making during encounters with juvenile suspects, and compares these encounters to those between police and adults. Specifically, two types of officer behavior are examined: the decision to arrest, and the exercise of authority. Officer behavior during encounters with juvenile suspects is compared and contrasted to encounters with adult suspects. Results from multivariate analyses find juveniles are significantly more likely to be arrested than adults; however, officers do not exercise different levels of authority during interactions with juvenile suspects. Results also indicate that the factors shaping officer behavior varies across age of suspect, namely, the community context and officer's race offer significantly different influences on juveniles than on adults. Other factors also influence officer discretion differently depending on the age of the suspect, most noteworthy being disrespectful demeanor. The results indicate that police officer behavior during encounters with juvenile suspects is very different than during encounters with adults. 相似文献
235.
Crisis center staff help form the frontline in the fight against domestic violence. Therefore, it is important that we understand
any biases they may have when addressing cases of same-sex domestic violence. In this study, 120 crisis center staff members
were given a vignette depicting a domestic dispute and asked to complete a questionnaire about their perceptions of the incident
and the parties involved. We manipulated the sex of the perpetrator and victim. All other aspects of the vignette remained
consistent. Because gay and lesbian relationships are often perceived as less serious than heterosexual relationships, we
hypothesized that participants would perceive same-sex domestic violence as such. Consistent with this hypothesis, participants
rated same-sex domestic violence scenarios as less serious than opposite-sex domestic violence and as less likely to get worse
over time. 相似文献
236.
Amanda Brown Cross Denise C. Gottfredson Denise M. Wilson Melissa Rorie Nadine Connell 《犯罪学与公共政策》2009,8(2):391-412
Research Summary Unsupervised after‐school time for adolescents is a concern for parents and policymakers alike. Evidence linking unsupervised adolescent socializing to problem behavior outcomes heightens this concern among criminologists. Routine activities theory suggests that, when youth peer groups congregate away from adult authority, both opportunity for and motivation to engage in deviant acts increase. After‐school programs are a possible solution to unsupervised teen socializing during afternoon hours and are much in demand. However, empirical research has yet to test the relationship between the availability of after‐school programs and youth routine activities. This study presents evidence from a multisite, randomized, controlled trial of an after‐school program for middle‐school students in an urban school district. Policy Implications Youth in the treatment group engaged in less unsupervised socializing after school than youth in the control group but not as much less as would be expected if the after‐school program was providing consistent supervision to youth who would otherwise be unsupervised. Additional analyses examined why the influence of the after‐school program was not more pronounced. We found that, although program attendance was related to decreases in unsupervised socializing, the program did not attract many delinquency‐prone youths who were unsupervised, which suggests that the students most in need of the program did not benefit. Furthermore, data obtained from a mid‐year activity survey revealed that youth in the study were highly engaged in a variety of after‐school activities. The addition of the after‐school program into the mixture of available activities had little effect on the frequency with which students participated in organized activities after school. 相似文献
237.
Darryl Brown 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2009,3(3):271-287
After briefly sketching an historical account of criminal law that emphasizes its longstanding reach into social, commercial
and personal life outside the core areas of criminal offenses, this paper explores why criminal law theory has never succeeded
in limiting the content of criminal codes to offenses that fit the criteria of dominant theories, particularly versions of
the harm principle. Early American writers on criminal law endorsed no such limiting principles to criminal law, and early
American criminal law consequently was substantively broad. But even with the rise of theories in the mid-nineteenth century
that sought to limit criminal law’s reach, codified offenses continued to widely and deeply regulate social life and exceed
the limits of those normative arguments. This essay suggests that this practical failure of criminal law theory occurred because
it was never adopted by an institutional actor that could limit offense definitions in accord with normative commitments.
Legislatures are institutionally unsuited to having their policy actions limited by principled arguments, and courts passed
on the opportunity to incorporate a limiting principle for criminal law once they began, in the Lochner era, actively regulating
legislative decisions through Constitutional law. The one avenue through which criminal law theory has had some success in
affecting criminal codes is through the influence of specialized bodies that influence legislation, especially the American
Law Institute advocacy of the Model Penal Code. But the institutional structure of American criminal law policymaking permits
an unusually small role for such specialized bodies, and without such an institutional mechanism, criminal law theory is likely
to continue to have little effect on actual criminal codes. 相似文献
238.
Perfect TJ Wagstaff GF Moore D Andrews B Cleveland V Newcombe S Brisbane KA Brown L 《Law and human behavior》2008,32(4):314-324
Five experiments tested the idea that instructing a witness to close their eyes during retrieval might increase retrieval success. In Experiment 1 participants watched a video, before a cued-recall test for which they were either instructed to close their eyes, or received no-instructions. Eye-closure led to an increase in correct cued-recall, with no increase in incorrect responses. Experiments 2-5 sought to test the generality of this effect over variations in study material (video or live interaction), test format (cued- or free-recall) and information modality (visual or auditory details recalled). Overall, eye-closure increased recall of both visual detail and auditory details, with no accompanying increase in recall of false details. Collectively, these data convincingly demonstrate the benefits of eye-closure as an aid to retrieval, and offer insight into why hypnosis, which usually involves eye-closure, may facilitate eyewitness recall. 相似文献
239.
Day A Davey L Wanganeen R Casey S Howells K Nakata M 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2008,23(2):245-258
Although the need for the development and provision of culturally appropriate rehabilitation programs for offenders is widely acknowledged, there is a lack of empirical data that can be used as a basis for the development of new programs. This article reports the findings of a comparison of indigenous and nonindigenous male prisoners on a range of measures relevant to the experience of anger by indigenous prisoners in Australia. The results suggest that indigenous participants are more likely to experience symptoms of early trauma, have greater difficulties identifying and describing feelings, and perceive higher levels of discrimination than nonindigenous prisoners. The implications of this work for the development of culturally appropriate and effective anger management programs for indigenous male prisoners are discussed. 相似文献
240.
Flack WF Caron ML Leinen SJ Breitenbach KG Barber AM Brown EN Gilbert CT Harchak TF Hendricks MM Rector CE Schatten HT Stein HC 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2008,23(9):1177-1196
The "red zone" usually refers to the first few weeks of the first semester at college, when female students are believed to be at greatest risk for experiencing unwanted sex. We tested this notion using data from a survey study of 207 first-and second-year students (121 women, 84 men) at a small, liberal arts university. Results demonstrated only one significant elevation in incidence rates of first- and second-year women's unwanted sexual experiences (sexual touching, attempted and completed anal, oral, and vaginal sex), between the end of the first month and fall break (mid-October) during the second year at school. Previous research and local information about the relevant behaviors of sorority and fraternity members is discussed in light of these findings to provide heuristic material for further empirical testing. Because risk may involve both temporal and situational factors, systematic collection and dissemination of local data are recommended. 相似文献