Administrative reform in a changing political environment: The case of Hong Kong

Since 1989, the Hong Kong government has implemented a programme of public sector reform that is based on the principles of ‘new public management’. The reforms initially focused mainly on financial management reform, including delegating responsibilities for resource allocation; re-defining the roles of the central resource branches; setting up trading funds in departments that provide services directly to the public; and instilling a new corporate culture of service throughout the government. Some progress has been made in implementing the reforms. In 1993, the government realized that further civil service reform was necessary to support the reforms. The government proposed to delegate more authority to department heads on personnel matters; give managers more freedom to manage personnel; and simplify personnel regulations and procedures. These ‘new public management’-type reforms are usually associated with stable, relatively unchanging environments. In Hong Kong, however, the reforms have been proposed and carried out in an environment of considerable political turbulence which has both facilitated and hindered their implementation. Because of the declining legitimacy of the colonial government, British authorities may not have the political capacity to implement the reforms. Opposition from both department heads and civil service unions to aspects of the reforms has already emerged.     

Second chambers: German experience and Canadian needs

Abstract The problem of constitutional reform was an important Canadian political issue from 1967 to 1971. The lengthy discussions failed to produce any cohesive results due to the inability of the various governments to reconcile their particular interests. One of the areas of concern was the makeup and the powers of the Senate. As a federally appointed body it has not fulfilled in any satisfactory way its role as a representative of the regional interests of Canada. Despite the acknowledged dissatisfaction with its present role, the various governments were unable to agree on a more effective one and the best that could be offered was some partial provincial power of appointment along with the limitation of the power of the Senate over legislation. It is the purpose of this article to suggest that a state of affairs has been reached in the Canadian federation where more positive measures are essential. Whether we like the idea or not, it must be recognized that under present conditions provinces are seeking and obtaining greater power over national policies without accepting any direct political responsibility for their activities. One answer to this problem which has never been fully examined is that adopted under the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. In that country the second chamber, the Bundesrat, is directly representative of the state governments and has extensive powers of veto over all matters affecting the state (Land) interests as well as a suspensive power over other national matters. The effective authority of the states is greatly enhanced in this respect by the fact that they are responsible for the administration of many of the federal laws. Such a system may not be adaptable to Canada, but it might provide a means of reconciling provincial and national interests. It would combine provincial power with political responsibility, something sadly lacking at the present time. This is a matter worthy of much deeper study than has been applied to date. Sommaire. Le problème de la réforme constitutionnelle a été une question politique d'actualité au Canada de 1967 à 1971. Des débats prolongé n'ont pas réussi à produire résultats cohérents, les différents gouvernements s'étant montrés incapables de concilier leurs intérêts particuliers. L'un des sujets à l'étude avait été la composition et les pouvoirs du sénat. En tant qu'organisme dont les membres sont nommés par le gouvernement central, il n'a pas réussi à représenter de façon satisfaisante les intérêts régionaux du Canada. Mais bien que les différents gouvernements se soient déclarés peu satisfaits de son rôle actuel, ils n'ont pas réussi à se mettre d'accord sur les améliorations à apporter et ils n'ont pu proposer miew qu'un pouvoir provincial partiel de nomination ainsi que la limitation des pouvoirs du sénat sur la législation. Le but de cet article est de montrer que la Fédération canadienne en est arrivée à un point où des mesures plus positives sont essentielles. Que cela non plaise ou non, il faut reconnaître que dans les conditions actuelles, les provinces recherchent et obtiennent plus de pouvoirs sur les politiques nationales sans accepter de responsabilité politique directe pour leurs activités. L'une des solutions à ce problème qui n'a jamais étéétudiéà fond est celle qu'a adoptée la loi fondamentale de la République fédérale allemande. Dans ce pays la deuxième chambre, le Bundesrat, représente directement les gouvernements des Etats et a des pouvoirs étendus de veto sur toutes les questions touchant aux intérêts des Etats (Land) ainsi qu'un pouvoir suspensif sur d'autres questions nationales. Le fait que les Etats soient responsables de l'administration d'un grand nombre de lois fédérales augmente d'ailleurs considérablement leur autorité réelle. Un tel système ne pourrait peut-être pas être adopté intégralement au Canada, mais il pourrait nous fournir le moyen de conciIier les intérêts provinciaux et l'intérêt national. Il permettrait de combiner le pouvoir provincial et la responsabilité politique, ce qui manque malheureusement à l'heure actuelle. C'est là une question qui mérite d'être étudiée beaucoup plus à fond qu'elle ne l'a été jusqu'à maintenant.     

Belt and Suspenders? The World Heritage Convention's Role in Confronting Climate Change

In the face of increasing frustration with the tepid, and largely feckless, national and international institutional responses to the growing threat of climate change, many governments, as well as non-governmental actors, have either initiated or are exploring potential causes of action in judicial and quasi-judicial fora. This article explores one of these recent actions, the petitions before the World Heritage Committee requesting listing of several sites listed as World Heritage Sites under the World Heritage Convention on the List of World Heritage in Danger. The article explores the contours of the petitions filed to the Committee, the potential implications of listing of sites threatened by climate change on the List of World Heritage in Danger and the merits of the legal arguments advanced in opposition to such listings.     

Shadow Writing and Participant Observation: A Study of Criminal Justice Social Work Around Sentencing

The study of decision‐making by public officials in administrative settings has been a mainstay of law and society scholarship for decades. The methodological challenges posed by this research agenda are well understood: how can socio‐legal researchers get inside the heads of legal decision‐makers in order to understand the uses of official discretion? This article describes an ethnographic technique the authors developed to help them penetrate the decision‐making practices of criminal justice social workers in writing pre‐sentence reports for the courts. This technique, called ‘shadow writing’, involved a particular form of participant observation whereby the researcher mimicked the process of report writing in parallel with the social workers. By comparing these ‘shadow reports’ with the real reports in a training‐like setting, the social workers revealed in detail the subtleties of their communicative strategies embedded in particular reports and their sensibilities about report writing more generally.