From central planning to market systems: Implications of economic reforms for the construction and building industries

Abstract

Housing market reforms in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union are having enormous impacts on the construction and building materials industries. This article describes the current structure and performance of the construction industry in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, identifies key technical and institutional problems posed by housing reforms, and outlines an agenda of research and technical assistance to help construction and building materials industries in transition economies cope with the impacts of housing market reforms.     

住院医师病历书写质量存在的问题及对策

总结住院医师病历书写存在的问题,提出改进对策。方法:归纳分析住院医师病历书写的现状和存在问题。结果:建立健全管理制度,加强责任心,提高住院医师的学习能力和写作,执行规范管理常抓不懈是提高病历质量的关键。结论:病历质量的提高,才能体现出病历真正的学术价值。     

A Dream Deferred: The Microfoundations of Direct Political Action in Pre- and Post-democratisation South Africa

The stability of young democracies may be threatened by persistent protest as the economic legacies of the old autocratic regimes tend to outlive the defunct political structures. This paper seeks to explore the micro-level predictors of protest potential in South Africa before and after the end of apartheid. The results of the cohort analysis reveal that the political consciousness of the anti-apartheid struggle has a lasting effect. The gap between actual income and expected returns to education explains protest potential better than comparison of one's income with that of a reference group. The effect of race on protest potential has diminished over time.     

Moderating strict liability crimes in common law tradition countries

Strict Liability crimes require no proof of a mental element. Proving the forbidden act suffices for conviction. This is discomforting under the common law tradition, since defendants who intended no wrong or were even unaware of their misdeed may be guilty. New Zealand, Australia, and Canada have responded by dividing non‐mens‐rea crimes into those where liability is absolute and those where, although conviction requires proof of no mental element, a defense negating mental guilt can be proven by accuseds. Canada has furthermore abolished the former category and severely restricted the latter. Australia and New Zealand maintain a tri‐part classification of mens rea, absolute liability, and strict liability. Some Indian jurisdictions have reached a similar result by different means. Meanwhile, even the few American courts exploring similar solutions remain unaware of the ninety years of jurisprudence developing these concepts elsewhere.     

A Framework for Integrating External Information into New Product Development: Lessons from the Medical Technology Industry

Only the best manufacturers will remain competitive in today's challenging environment. Any manager involved with developing new products knows the excitement, complexity, and risk of this unpredictable undertaking. Based upon findings from four world class manufacturers of medical imaging technology in Japan and the United States, this article presents a new organizing framework for integrating external information into the NPD process. The findings are particularly timely in an era when manufacturers are vulnerable to intense global competition. The article concludes with several implications for managers involved in the new product development process.