Bewilligung der Adoption: Zustimmung der Mutter erforderlich, deren Aufenthalt bei Beschlussfassung erster Instanz bekannt ist

Die Voraussetzungen für die Bewilligung der Adoption sind nach der Sach- und Rechtslage im Zeitpunkt der Beschlussfassung erster Instanz zu beurteilen. Auch der Kreis der Zustimmungsberechtigten bestimmt sich nach diesem Zeitpunkt; es ist kein Grund erkennbar, die Voraussetzungen für den Entfall des Zustimmungserfordernisses nach § 181 Abs 2 ABGB nach einem anderen Zeitpunkt zu beurteilen. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt kann sich auch eine Mutter, die keine ausdrückliche Zustimmung zur Adoption erteilt hat und mehr als sechs Monate unbekannten Aufenthaltes war, gegen diese aussprechen. Vor Bewilligung der Adoption besteht kein rechtlich geschütztes Vertrauen auf deren Zustandekommen. Der mit dem Bewilligungsverfahren notwendigerweise verbundene Schwebezustand muss von den Wahleltern wegen der grundrechtlich geschützten Rechtsstellung der leiblichen Eltern hingenommen werden. Trotz Fehlens einer ausdrücklichen Rsp des OGH zu einer konkreten Fallgestaltung liegt dann keine erhebliche Rechtsfrage vor, wenn das Gesetz selbst eine eindeutige Regelung trifft oder ein Streitfall trotz neuer Sachverhaltselemente bereits mit Hilfe vorhandener Leitlinien h?chstgerichtlicher Rsp gel?st werden kann.     

How practices do not matter

Abstract

In his most recent work, Sangiovanni has retreated from his stronger claims about practice-dependence. Instead of claiming that principles of justice must be practice-dependent, he now expresses his claim in a modal form, arguing that there are several ways in which practices may matter. While merely mapping out the logical space of possibilities seems to look like a modest ambition, the conditions for when practices do matter according to Sangiovanni’s analysis are easily met in actuality. Consequently, if he is right, the practice-dependent approach covers a significant number of political theories. Sangiovanni’s main claim is that higher-level principles with an open texture, which include most higher-level principles in political philosophy, justify a practice-dependent method in the form of a mode of application called ‘mediated deduction,’ according to which a thoroughgoing investigation is made of the nature of the target practice. Our task in this paper is to reject this claim. This is done in two steps. First, we question Sangiovanni’s distinction between instrumental application and mediated deduction, arguing that it remains unclear whether it marks out two sufficiently distinct ‘modes’ to do any theoretical work. Second, we argue that the practice-dependent method is not required even if two such modes are established.     

Violence in the city that belongs to no one: urban distinctiveness and interconnected insecurities in Nairobi (Kenya)

ABSTRACT

Rapid urbanisation in the global South has prompted attention to the causes and dynamics of urban violence. Yet, much research tends to either analyse urban violence without attention to the broader conflict complexes of which it forms a part, neglecting linkages between different forms of urban violence and between urban and rural dynamics, or conversely study violence in cities without acknowledging the particularities of the urban context. In this article, we conceptualise urban violence, theorise how it is shaped by urban dynamics and explore its manifestations in Nairobi, Kenya. We find that while Nairobi is not uniquely violent inside Kenya, violence takes on distinct urban forms given city-level processes, and also that urban violence has led to policies that increase securitisation and militarisation of the city. Our analysis thus improves knowledge of how criminal and political violence is shaped by and shapes the stability of developing cities.     

Quality of democracy in unrecognized states: lessons from Northern Cyprus

Scholars have recently debated whether non-recognition is a blessing or a curse for democracy. Some suggest that lack of recognition forces political elites to democratize and acquire internal legitimacy to compensate for the lack of external legitimacy. Others suggest that democratization is used as a strategy by which to acquire international recognition. Still others claim that non-recognition obliges unrecognized states to rely on a patron state which, in turn, hinders the quality of democracy. To contribute to this discussion, we have conducted an in-depth case study. Focusing on democratic quality in Northern Cyprus from 2010 to 2016, it is observed that reliance on a patron state leads to dynamics of tutelage, in turn hindering the quality of democracy.     

Political Parties and Grassroots Clientelist Strategies in Urban Turkey: One Neighbourhood at a Time

Both principal Turkish political parties make extensive use of patron–client networks, but in very different ways. The CHP relies on competing local brokers and synchronous vote buying. The AKP is at the centre of a network of public and private funding turning social policy to clientelist ends. Socially anchored AKP activists link the party to voters, allowing it to target social assistance for political advantage and take credit for improvement in local conditions. The case presented in this paper provides a natural experiment suggesting that this distinction is an important explanation for the AKP’s electoral success in low-income urban areas.