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831.
Edgar L. Feige 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2012,57(3):239-263
Despite financial innovations that have created important new substitutes for cash usage, per capita holdings of U.S. currency
amount to $2950. Yet American households and businesses admit to holding only 15% of the currency stock, leaving the whereabouts
of 85% unknown. Some fraction of this unaccounted for currency is held abroad (the dollarization hypothesis) and some is held
domestically undeclared, as a store of value and a medium of exchange for transactions involving the production and distribution
of illegal goods and services, and for transactions earning income that is not reported to the IRS (the unreported economy
hypothesis). We find that the percentage of U.S. currency currently held overseas is between 30 and 37% rather than the widely
cited figure of 65%. This finding is based on the official Federal Reserve/Bureau of Economic Analysis data which is a proxy
measure of the New York Federal Reserve’s (NYB) “confidential” data on wholesale currency shipments abroad. We recommend that
the NYB data be aggregated so as to circumvent confidentiality concerns, and be made readily available to all researchers
in order to shed greater light on the questions of how much U.S. currency is abroad and on the particular location of overseas
U.S. dollars. The newly revised official estimates of overseas currency holdings are employed to determine the Federal Reserve’s
seigniorage earnings from 1964–2010, which have provided a $2950. Yet American households and businesses admit to holding only 15% of the currency stock, leaving the whereabouts
of 85% unknown. Some fraction of this unaccounted for currency is held abroad (the dollarization hypothesis) and some is held
domestically undeclared, as a store of value and a medium of exchange for transactions involving the production and distribution
of illegal goods and services, and for transactions earning income that is not reported to the IRS (the unreported economy
hypothesis). We find that the percentage of U.S. currency currently held overseas is between 30 and 37% rather than the widely
cited figure of 65%. This finding is based on the official Federal Reserve/Bureau of Economic Analysis data which is a proxy
measure of the New York Federal Reserve’s (NYB) “confidential” data on wholesale currency shipments abroad. We recommend that
the NYB data be aggregated so as to circumvent confidentiality concerns, and be made readily available to all researchers
in order to shed greater light on the questions of how much U.S. currency is abroad and on the particular location of overseas
U.S. dollars. The newly revised official estimates of overseas currency holdings are employed to determine the Federal Reserve’s
seigniorage earnings from 1964–2010, which have provided a 287 billion windfall for U.S. taxpayers. Overseas currency stock
data are also used to derive estimates of the domestically held stock of currency as well as narrow and broad measures of domestic monetary aggregates. These domestic monetary aggregates are believed to be better predictors of future economic activity than traditional monetary aggregates
and are tested to determine their ability to predict fluctuations in real output and prices. Domestic cash holdings are finally
used to estimate the size of the U.S. unreported economy as measured by the amount of income that is not properly reported
to the IRS. By 2010, we estimate that legal and illegal source unreported income” is $1.9–$1.9–2.4 trillion, implying a “tax gap”
in the range of $400–$400–540 billion. Currently, we estimate that 18–23% of total reportable income is not properly reported
to the IRS. 相似文献
832.
Based on ethnographic data, this essay analyzes the social order properties of a poor urban street, in a small city in the
northeast United States, on which drug dealing is the principle occupation. Rather than treating drug dealing as an agent
of disorder, we focus on the order properties of drug dealing and the ordered character of the local code of conduct that
develops around it. Like Sudhir Venkatesh (American Journal of Sociology 103:82–111, 1997) we examine the interface between drug dealing and the neighborhood. However, in this small urban space the drug dealers
are not outsiders, rather, they are long term residents: established insiders who are well integrated into community life.
As such their work practices and the requirements they place on behavior in public spaces impact the neighborhood in comprehensive
ways. We detail the phenomenon Elijah Anderson called the “code of the street” (Anderson 1999) as a set of practices and social markers, a local Interaction Order (Goffman, American Sociological Review 48:1–17, 1983; Rawls, Sociological Theory 2:136–149, 1987), that furnishes basic day to day sensemaking tools for residents (Rawls 2009). We propose that this order has a constitutive character that furnishes stable expectations (Garfinkel 1963, 1967) for meaningful social action and identity in the neighborhood. In a context of industrial decline and urban poverty, drug
dealing careers constitute a major socialization factor, that touches everyone here—especially children. 相似文献
833.
This study investigates the factors that shape the attitudes of scientists toward starting their own business or working in
a private sector firm. The analysis is based on data collected from scientists working in the German Max Planck Society, a
research institution devoted to basic science. We find that the scientists’ attractiveness of working in a private sector
firm or of starting their own business differ considerably according to their academic discipline and the self-reported commercial
potential of their research. The ability to take risks, prior work experience in private firms, and personal experience in
cooperating with industry lead to a positive attitude towards switching to private sector employment or entrepreneurship.
Strong willingness to freely distribute research findings is related to a low appeal of private sector work. 相似文献
834.
835.
Caroline Cage 《Development in Practice》2014,24(1):3-17
Large-scale organisations of the urban poor (OUP) are needed for greater influence in urban governance. However, where contexts are non-enabling for large-scale organisations to develop, external support may be needed. Past NGO support for building social capital has been heavily criticised for failing to address its darker side, while new forms of OUP supported by urban poor federations have been cited as more inclusive, representative organisations. This study compares NGO- and slum-dwellers’ federation-supported OUPs in Kisumu, Kenya, and finds evidence that development partners should seek to scale-up existing social capital while ensuring that networks formed are transformative for marginalised identities. 相似文献
836.
837.
838.
Tony Krone Caroline Spiranovic Jeremy Prichard Paul Watters Richard Wortley Karen Gelb 《Journal of Sexual Aggression》2020,26(1):91-110
ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the potential for child-centred institutions to use situational crime prevention (SCP) strategies to prevent or reduce child sexual abuse material (CSAM) offending as a distinct form of child sexual abuse (CSA). We discuss the failure of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in Australia to address the potential for CSAM offending to occur in child-centred institutions. Our premise is that CSAM offending is markedly shaped by the situation in which it occurs, rather than by any pre-existing preparedness to offend sexually against children. In this context, SCP for CSAM offending must be considered as part of overall strategies to combat CSA in institutional settings. However, we acknowledge that effective implementation of SCP in this area is not straightforward. We consider some of the challenges in implementing SCP at an institutional level. 相似文献
839.
Hans-Jürgen Urban 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2018,28(1-2):91-122
The New Economic Governance (NEG) in the European Union is a core element of a neoliberal crisis constitutionalism that has to be seen as blatantly deficient when measured with democratic yardsticks. Strongly normative criticism generates important findings, but ignores the economic dimension of damage to democracy. From the perspective of capitalism theory, the NEG can be recognised as a product of a capitalistic land grab (“Landnahme”) of the political field and as a system of institutions whose functional logic corresponds to the imperative of a crisis-ridden economy characterised by the financial markets. In this context, viewpoints are confirmed that regard the integration of the economic causes of blatant deficits of democracy as an essential element of a new type of inclusive democracy project. The work on a new economic democracy as a core element of such a democracy project thus also becomes a desideratum for a public sociology that wishes to contribute evidence-based knowledge to social disputes. 相似文献
840.
Andreas Boes Tobias Kämpf Thomas Lühr Alexander Ziegler 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2018,28(1-2):181-208
There has been a long-standing discussion since the 1980s about the question whether new production models harbor a potential for extended employee participation and involvement, in most cases with disillusioning results. This paper is concerned with so called “agile methods”, which play an important part in the area of knowledge work in the course of the digital transformation. On the basis of two case studies from software development and industrial R&D, the paper examines the concrete implementation of these methods and the employees’ perspective upon them and their consequences. The result is that agile methods present a potential for extended employee participation and involvement; however, the realization of this potential depends on the concrete way how the agile concept of “empowerment” is implemented. 相似文献