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221.
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223.
Kenneth J. Meier Michael S. Pennington Warren S. Eller 《Public administration review》2005,65(2):171-179
The theory of representative bureaucracy concerns whether bureaucracy mirrors the origins and values of the population and, if so, whether such representation makes any difference. This article extends Hindera's examination of active bureaucratic representation within the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to determine the effect of introducing new goals (disability discrimination) and priorities (sexual harassment) on the EEOC's representational patterns. Using data from the late 1980s and late 1990s, we find the extent of active representation of African Americans declined. Although the EEOC is now pursuing more cases of sex discrimination, no evidence of active representation exists for women in EEOC district offices. 相似文献
224.
DNA testing using conventional STR systems may produce insufficient results, if the genomic DNA in the specimen is either highly degraded or the available quantity is very small (e.g. skin particles, hair shafts or ancient bones). In some of these cases the examination of mitochondrial DNA, which is present in considerably larger copy numbers in the cytoplasm, is more successful than that of nuclear DNA. Identification of unknown corpses by conventional DNA typing sometimes remains doubtful, if only samples from presumably distant relatives or putative brothers or sisters are available for comparison. Since mitochondrial DNA is generally transmitted in maternal lineages, its sequence pattern can be directly compared with those of other individuals and, in case of the same maternal lineage, corresponding sequence chromatograms are to be expected. In connection with nuclear DNA typing methods certain sequence motives may furnish clues to ethnic groups. The report presents three cases illustrating the application possibilities of mtDNA typing in forensic practice. 相似文献
225.
This paper presents the first large study of public management quality and its effect on program performance. Using 5 years of data from more than 1000 Texas school districts, the authors measure quality as the additional salary paid to school superintendents over and above the normal determinants of salary. This measure of managerial quality is positively correlated with 10 of 11 performance indicators covering organizational goals ranging from standardized tests to school attendance. These relationships hold even in the presence of controls for other determinants of program success. The measure has the potential to be used in tests of existing management theories, thus moving the literature beyond case studies to more systematic research involving many subjects. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy and Analysis and Management. 相似文献
226.
Mike Wright Evila Piva Simon Mosey Andy Lockett 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2009,34(6):560-587
In this paper, we employ resource-based and institutional theories to examine the current role of business schools in academic
entrepreneurship. In particular, we seek to identify and understand the challenges to business schools contributing to the
transfer of knowledge to enable academic entrepreneurship. Employing a case-based method, we present evidence from 42 interviews
with technology transfer officers (TTOs), business school deans, business school entrepreneurship faculty and scientists in
eight UK universities. Our empirical analysis is focused on analyzing the challenges arising from the links between business
schools and three other principal stakeholders of academic entrepreneurship (i.e., the university management, TTOs and academics
in science departments). The findings suggest that in addition to concerns about the nature of their human capital, the ability
of business schools to fill knowledge gaps in the development of academic entrepreneurship is constrained by the institutional
structures of universities which influence: the strategies of the university and the business school; links between business
schools, TTOs and scientists; and process issues relating to differences in language and codes, goal differences, incentives
and rewards, expertise differences and the content of interactions. We conclude that if business schools are to play a more
prominent role in academic entrepreneurship there is a need to develop internal university processes and policies that promote
rather than hinder internal knowledge flows between business schools, TTOs and science departments. 相似文献
227.
In this paper we use a size and industry matched sample of over 1,900 UK and US businesses for the period 2004–05 in the manufacturing
and business services sectors to analyse the relative “strength” of the university–industry ecosystems in which these firms
operate in the two economies. Our analysis shows that in both countries universities per se play a quantitatively smaller
role as a source of knowledge for business innovation than either the business sector itself or a variety of organisations
intermediating between the university and business sectors. Our analysis reveals a much more diffuse university–industry ecosystem
in the UK in which a higher proportion of businesses claim links external to themselves in their pursuit of knowledge for
innovation and a higher proportion report directly connecting with universities. US firms are more likely to access knowledge
through a combination of business and intermediary sources and are less likely to have established formal collaborative or
partnership agreements in the 3 years prior to the survey. We also find, however, that a higher proportion of US firms place
a very high value on the connections they have with universities and are much more likely to commit resources to support such
innovation related university interactions. A similar pattern of diffuse but weaker links characterise the supply of public
sector financial assistance for innovation in our sample firms. UK firms are more likely to be in receipt of assistance, but
receive far less per firm in absolute terms and relative to their R&D expenditures. It appears that the UK university–industry
ecosystem is characterised by a greater width than quality of interaction. 相似文献
228.
Cecil E. Martin William E. Hefley David J. Bristow David Jan Steele 《Policy Sciences》1992,25(1):57-75
This paper addresses certain shortcomings of traditional acquisition approaches, especially for large-scale, unprecedented systems. Shortcomings in the requirements engineering processes are emphasized. We review incremental acquisition approaches and identify issues essential to successful application of incremental acquisition approaches to overcome these shortcomings.In identifying these issues, cases based on systems being developed by the Air Force Space Command are examined. They are the Granite Sentry (GS), Space Defense Operations Centers (SPADOC), and Mobile Command and Control System (MCCS) programs. Three key aspects of the lessons learned from these efforts parallel the steps suggested by a recent Air Force Studies Board report for reducing risk in developing unprecedented systems. These are team-based development, managing requirements uncertainty and change, and increased use of incremental acquisition approaches.This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense. Approved for public release, distribution unlimited. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Air Force, the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 相似文献
229.
Proposed new regulations would allow any company to apply for a licence to trade in viatical settlements in Ontario. Currently, only insurance companies can engage in this practice. 相似文献
230.
Andy Storey 《Development in Practice》1997,7(4):384-394
NGOs play an increasingly important role in humanitarian work, and the impact of their activities is often non-neutral in relation to the conflicts which underlie crises. This was the case in the Rwanda crisis, during which some NGOs lent support to the forces of the genocidal Rwandan regime through their choice of where to work; the type and organisation of support offered; and some of the public statements made by NGO representatives. This article documents how this process occurred, and concludes with recommendations for avoiding such problems in the future. 相似文献