Pharmacogenomics as an aspect of molecular autopsy for forensic pathology/toxicology: does genotyping CYP 2D6 serve as an adjunct for certifying methadone toxicity?

Pharmacogenomics, applied as an aspect of molecular autopsy, may be used as an adjunct for certifying methadone fatalities. Methadone is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A2, 3A4, and 2D6. We hypothesized that methadone toxicity may be partially due to CYP 2D6 *3, *4, and *5 variant alleles, resulting in poor drug metabolism. A retrospective analysis was performed on covariables and risk factors of 21 methadone cases from the Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office (1998-2000). PCR genotyping showed: one heterozygous for 2D6*3, two homozygous for 2D6*4, five heterozygous for 2D6*4, and one heterozygous for both 2D6*3 and *4. This limited number of cases showed that the prevalence of poor metabolizer was higher but not significantly different from that of a control group (n = 23) (P > 0.05, Fisher Exact Test). Thus, CYP 2D6 mutations may not yet be directly associated with methadone toxicity. However, pharmacogenomics, complementing other case findings, served as an adjunct in interpreting methadone toxicity of poor and intermediate metabolizers.     

On the pricing and benefit structure of a private club or public utility

In this study the structure-induced equilibrium approach for modeling democratic institutions is extended to allow for the added structural features of executive veto and legislative override. A multidimensional model is presented for a budgetary process involving three actors — a legislature, an appropriations committee, and an executive. In order to focus attention on the role of the veto and override possibilities, simplifying assumptions are made with regard to other aspects of the agenda formation process. In particular, the committee has monopoly agenda power, a closed amendment control rule is operative, and perfect-foresight expectations are held by the committee and the executive. Given these assumptions, utility maximization by the several actors generates a budget outcome characterized as a structure-induced equilibrium. The general model is illustrated geometrically with a two-dimensional example, permitting budget outcomes to be analyzed for various combinations of veto rules and override provisions. The analysis demonstrates that budget outcomes are sensitive to alternative specifications of veto rules and override provisions. In the illustration, executive veto power is shown to vary directly with both the permissiveness of the veto rule and the stringency of the override provision. Similar relationships, however, are not found to exist for total budget expenditures.     

对计算机语言教学方法的探讨

计算机语言教学在高等教育中具有重要意义。解决计算机语言教学的方法主要有三个方面 ,即调动学生学习的积极性 ;理论联系实际 ;用形象、通俗的语言解释抽象的名词术语、概念及规律。     

与时俱进是马克思主义的理论品质

与时俱进是马克思主义自身的内在要求;与时俱进是马克思主义的鲜明特色;与时俱进是马克思主义创新与发展的正确途径。我们要弘扬马克思主义与时俱进的理论品质,必须以科学的态度对待马克思主义。解放思想、实事求是是引导社会前进的强大力量,是马克思主义的精髓。马克思主义是最讲科学精神、创新精神的,坚持马克思主义,最重要的是坚持马克思主义的科学原理、科学精神和创新精神。     

多民族后发国家现代化进程中的族际政治整合与政治文明建设

目前世界上大多数发展中国家是多民族国家,维护国内的政治稳定构成了这些实现现代化发展的重要前提.其中,加强和改进多民族国家的族际政治整合,推进政治文明建设构成了多民族国家实现政治稳定的重要内容,两者相互联系,特别是后者对族际政治整合具有优先地位.本论文以后发国家为研究对象,分析了现代化发展对后发国家带来的影响,及其族际政治整合的基本内容以及政治文明建设之间的重要意义.     

基于信息非对称的政府信用流失与行政成本风险

政府信用与行政成本是现代政府所面临的重要问题,同时它们联系十分紧密,政府信用状况对提高或降低行政成本起着非常重要的作用。由于信息非对称导致的政府信用流失会形成一定的行政成本风险,因此必须更好地从提升政府信用着手来降低政府行政成本。     

Transportation of Korean Slave Laborers During World War II: Kanfu Ferries

Japan was more dependent upon ocean shipping than any other major power during World War II, and the sea route had been the only means of transportation between Korea and Japan. The connecting steamers contributed to Japan’s wartime economy by transporting not only raw materials, but also forced laborers and sex slaves between Korea and Japan. More importantly, these connecting steamers were linked to railroads and land routes in Korea and were connected to various systems of transportation, including merchant ships and regular liners outside Japan. In this paper, we examine how Korean laborers and sex slaves were mobilized and transported from Korea to Japan during World War II by focusing on the interdependent relations between railroad-connecting ships and a travel agency.

民事行政裁判执行的检察监督

一、从民事行政裁判执行的现状看引入检察监督的必要性 我国<宪法>确立了人民检察院的法律监督地位,1989年、1991年颁布的<中华人民共和国行政诉讼法>、<中华人民共和国民事诉讼法>又具体确立了人民检察院的民事、行政检察监督权.根据上述法律规定,从应然意义上讲,<行政诉讼法>第10条、<民事诉讼法>第14条都是授权性条款,人民检察院应当享有民事行政的检察监督权,包括对民事行政裁判执行的检察监督权.但自检察机关开展民事行政检察监督工作以来,几乎从未涉足民事行政裁判执行的检察监督.在倡导程序公正和执行程序独立价值的今天,为最大限度地杜绝执行过程中的随意性和权力滥用,重视和解决"执行难"、"执行乱"问题,显得极为重要与紧迫.因此,有必要对民事行政裁判执行建立起检察监督机制.     

加强领导干部应对突发事件能力建设的路径选择

进入新世纪以来,我国突发事件时有发生,给人民生命和财产造成重大损失。究其原因,领导干部应对和处置突发事件的能力不强是一个重要方面。加强领导干部应对突发事件能力的建设是当前我国经济和社会发展形势的客观要求,也是构建和谐社会,巩固党的执政地位的需要。领导干部应对突发事件能力建设是一项系统工程,因此应从领导干部自身、政府组织以及国家三个层面入手来加强领导干部应对突发事件能力的建设,不断提高领导干部敏锐的观察能力、正确的判断能力、驾驭全局的能力、快速应变的能力、组织协调的能力、科学决策的能力。     

沉默权与中国刑事诉讼

中国现行法之所以没有确认被追诉者的沉默权,有政治、诉讼制度、社会现实和文化传统等多方面的原因;在中国建立沉默权制度。既要从价值判断上明确其必要性,又要充分考虑到可能面临的技术难题;但从社会的宏观背景来看,中国建立沉默权制度的艰巨性远远超过技术设计和价值判断的范围,必须特别注意相关制度的建设和程序规则的完善。