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Stephen Peterson Charles Kinyeki Joseph Mutai Charles Ndungu 《Public Budgeting & Finance》1996,16(4):45-58
Kenya's agriculture ministries are reforming their accounting systems and the reform includes computerization. This article examines the impact of computers on accounts and the lessons that can be drawn from Kenya about building computerized accounting systems.
Four propositions emerge about the impact of computers on the accounting systems. First and surprisingly, the initial impact of computers is indirect. Their primary impact is to strengthen the manual accounts which the ministries continue to rely upon. Second, computers promote effectiveness reforms by changing procedures, rather than efficiency reforms by accelerating the throughput of data with existing procedures. Third, computers do not initially promote document processing but do improve data processing. Fourth, computers do promote rudimentary analysis.
One conclusion from the Kenya case is that modular implementation of computerized accounting is helpful. Implementing modules rather than an integrated system means that accounting reforms can begin without waiting for lengthy procedural reforms. Modular implementation also facilitates agency involvement in the design of the system. 相似文献
Four propositions emerge about the impact of computers on the accounting systems. First and surprisingly, the initial impact of computers is indirect. Their primary impact is to strengthen the manual accounts which the ministries continue to rely upon. Second, computers promote effectiveness reforms by changing procedures, rather than efficiency reforms by accelerating the throughput of data with existing procedures. Third, computers do not initially promote document processing but do improve data processing. Fourth, computers do promote rudimentary analysis.
One conclusion from the Kenya case is that modular implementation of computerized accounting is helpful. Implementing modules rather than an integrated system means that accounting reforms can begin without waiting for lengthy procedural reforms. Modular implementation also facilitates agency involvement in the design of the system. 相似文献
884.
Ronald F. Becker J.D. 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1995,10(3):9-12
Often societies perceptions can be shaped by the media not only by what it reports but by how it is reported. This article
discusses the impact that the American media has had on the social perception that the insanity defense is too often successfully
used to avoid legal and criminal culpability. Many of the procedural obstacles associated with the assertion of an insanity
defense are poorly understood or ignored. The article further address some of the less attractive characteristics associated
with the assertion of the insanity defense that are not procedurally founded but nonetheless serve as an impediment the wide
spread use of the defense. In conclusion the insanity defense is submitted as an unavoidable necessary evil in a civilized
society that incarcerates its criminals. 相似文献
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This paper explores differences between the stated purpose and actual practice of electronically monitored home confinement
as a prison-diversion strategy. Methods and data are triangulated to examine the difference between the stated purposes of
electronic monitoring and its actual usage in two contexts: 1) the decision to imprison/probate; and 2) the actual use of
electronically monitored home confinement. Sentencing information, along with data on employment, family, substance abuse,
prior convictions, and type of offense, were collected on 391 felony offenders sentenced to probation in 1987–89 from three
counties located in two large Metropolitan Statistical Areas in Texas. Information gathered from interviews with probation
officials is also employed. This paper presents an analysis of this data and discusses its implications for future use and
evaluation of electronically monitored home confinement. 相似文献
888.
Historically and currently, jurors who have rendered verdicts in insanity cases have themselves been criticized and maligned-accused of being simplistic and biased, of lacking understanding, and of disregarding or nullifying the judge's instructions. Are the critics right? In this study, 263 mock jurors (141 adults and 122 students) were asked to decide four insanity cases without instructions, using their own best judgment, and to identify the determinative facts for them, and the meaning of those facts. Those determinative factors were then categorized, using a seven construct schema for NGRI and guilty verdicts. The results show that jurors do make discriminations among cases in terms of constructs, and that these constructs are relevant, complex, and flexible; furthermore, the jurors' lay constructs of insanity are more complex than the legal constructs of insanity. The “simplism,” it seems, lies not with the jurors but with the insanity tests. 相似文献
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The study of crime suffers from an inattention to the social consequences of criminal acts. Conceiving crimes within the larger context of “hazard,” data are reported on the relative seriousness of conventional and white-collar crimes, as well as other hazards, using a sample of Washington state respondents. The results indicate that there is an inverse relationship between the perceived likelihood of a hazard and its seriousness. Generally, the more immediate the threat of a hazard, such as white-collar crimes, the more serious it is perceived to be. There are also implications from these consequences for perceptions of institutional effectiveness and interpersonal relationships. This suggests that future studies of the consequences of criminality, especially white-collar and corporate violations, might be directed toward the notions of risk and, eventually, social trust. 相似文献