The police,crime, and economic theory: A replication and extension

Based on insights garnered from rational choice theory, Loftin and McDowall hypothesize that there is likely to be a reciprocal relationship, over time, within jurisdictions between police force strength and crime. Contrary to expectations, their ARIMA analyses of the association between total police force employment and the total crime rate for Detriot during the period of 1926 to 1977 produce null findings. As a result, they conclude that rational choice models are too simplistic to explain the relationship between the agency size and crime. It is our contention that this conclusion might be premature. We suggest that a failure to disaggregate total police force employment into its component sectors may be masking substantial reciprocal effects. The present investigation employs ARIMA techniques to model the reciprocal relationship between total, patrol, and detective police employment and total, property, and personal, robbery crimes in Milwaukee for the years 1930 to 1987. Consistent with previous research we report null findings between total police employment and total crime rates. However, the findings also reveal significant reciprocal relationships between the disaggregated measures of police size and crime. The implications of these results for rational choice theory are discussed.     

Feminist perspectives report of the feminist perspectives working group to the closing plenary

This article is based on the experiences of the feminist perspectives workshop that met each day of the Congress. It discusses feminism as a worldview and particularly applies that perspective to the Congress proceedings. It examines the Congress in terms of three vital aspects of feminism: power, strategy and diversity. Finally, it suggests some ways in which a global feminist perspective might improve future international conferences.     

Remedies for Dishonest Assistance

The paper considers the nature of claims against dishonest assistants and the various money remedies those claims may evoke. Dishonest assistance is a form of civil secondary liability whereby the assistant is held jointly and severally liable along with the trustee whose misconduct he assisted. This is the sense in which dishonest assistants are said to be accountable as constructive trustees. In order to understand remedies available against dishonest assistants it is accordingly necessary to understand the corresponding remedies against defaulting trustees and what it means for them to be accountable. The paper examines the two different types of compensation that may be awarded against defaulting trustees—substitutive and reparative—and observes that the same two types of compensation may be given against dishonest assistants in appropriate cases. It also explores the circumstances in which trustees and dishonest assistants should be accountable for profits and whether they should ever be liable to pay exemplary damages. A strict application of the theory of civil secondary liability produces controversial results in connection with these latter remedies.     

Wischnewski revisited. The diagnostic value of gastric mucosal ulcers in hypothermic deaths

Hypothermia is defined as a subnormal body temperature. In this article, hypothermia refers to the loss of core temperature from exposure. When death results from hypothermia, a series of gastric mucosal erosions known as "Wischnewski ulcers" (1) frequently occur. In examining case material of the Onondaga County Medical Examiner's Office, a characteristic pattern of these ulcerations was seen that was indicative of severe physiologic stress and/or hypothermia. While not pathognomonic of hypothermia, the incidence of the erosions in a specific pattern has been closely associated with deaths in which hypothermia played a significant role. In hypothermia, the erosions, usually shallow and approximately 0.1-0.5 cm in diameter, are set in lines with roughly equidistant spacing, thereby forming a pattern of rectangles with the corners marked by the ulcerations.     

健全+整治:解决机关“新‘四风’”的乐山路径

党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持以上率下,身体力行,"四风"问题得到了有力整治。乐山市在解决机关"新‘四风’"的过程中,积累了"健全+整治"的经验,即健全常态教育,人人有责整治"四风";健全主业主责,划"责任田"整治"四风";健全专项整治,驰而不息整治"四风";健全监督方式,多方拓展整治"四风";健全执纪问责,关口前移整治"四风";健全激励机制,创新制度整治"四风"。