行政手段参与宏观调控:实质、特征与原因

宏观调控中的行政手段由非市场化规制和行政监督构成。近年来的宏观调控虽然紧扣市场经济体制初步建立这个历史起点,但行政手段并未如一般理论所预期的那样淡出,反倒有着常态化的表现。行政手段参与宏观调控有其客观原因,在市场经济和相关制度得以完善之前,宏观调控还无法摆脱对于行政手段的依赖,并且针对长久性的需要,行政手段将一直存在下去。加强和改善宏观调控必须考虑这一方面的影响。     

Why should Austria be different from Germany? the two recent nationality reforms in contrast

The article compares and evaluates the two recent reforms of nationality law in Austria and Germany. Before the changes both countries were very similar cases in terms of their nationality and immigration policy. Both relied on strict ‘jus sanguinis’, the principle of descent which is anchored in their nationality laws. One implication of jus sanguinis is that it constantly reproduces ‘new-born’ foreigners, as the only way for foreign residents to obtain national citizenship is via naturalisation. This includes the obligation to renounce any former nationality. In its recent amendment in 2000, Germany has softened the principle of descent by introducing limited ‘jus soli’ with the obligation to opt for one nationality at the age of 23 at the latest. Austria, on the other hand, has stuck to its tradition and introduced restricted reform. The article will outline the context of the two amendments. Why has the outcome been so different although both countries have faced so many similar experiences and circumstances? I will trace the development of both amendments and highlight the backgrounds of these two so contrasting decisions: two different attempts to deal with naturalisation of long-term immigrants and new-born foreigners.     

State and local government set-aside programs and minority business development in the post-croson era: the efficacy of disparity studies

Since the Supreme Court's decision in City I of Richmond v. J. A. Croson in early 1989, disparity studies or minority business studies or discrimination studies have become a focal point in state and local government jurisdictions' Minority Business Enterprise set-aside policies. Disparity studies have been conducted in more than sixty jurisdictions around the United States. This article discusses (1) the status of MBE set-aside programs after Croson, (2) examines the efficacy of disparity studies as mechanisms for justifying the adoption or continuation of set-aside programs in state and local governmental jurisdictions, (3) provides discussion of specific procedural analyses which have been major components of a disparity study and (4) provides a summary discussion of disparity studies conducted in five jurisdictions. The conclusion notes several weaknesses of disparity studies that, if addressed, would enhance their utilty.     

加快济南现代农业由城郊型向都市型转变研究

在市委提出＂拓展城市发展空间,打造现代产业体系＂总体要求下,济南市如何打造具有省会特色的现代农业产业体系？这是一个迫切需要思考和实践的问题。积极推动济南农业由城郊型向都市型转变,逐步建立起与省会城市发展相匹配,与经济、生态、文化功能相协调的都市型现代农业体系,对于完善省会城市功能、推进城乡一体化、促进农业增效和农民增收、改善生态环境、提高城乡居民生活质量、实现省会经济的可持续发展等,都具有十分重要的战略意义和现实意义。     

A Manifesto on Enforcing Law in the Age of ‘Artificial Intelligence’

Building upon A Manifesto In Defense of Democracy and the Rule of Law in the Age of ‘Artificial Intelligence’, we, the Transatlantic Reflection Group on Democracy and the Rule of Law in the Age of ‘Artificial Intelligence’, have reconvened to draft a second consensus manifesto that calls for the effective and legitimate enforcement of laws concerning AI systems. In doing so, we recognise the important and complementary role of standards and compliance practices. Whereas the first manifesto focused on the relationship between democratic law-making and technology, this second manifesto shifts focus from the design of law in the age of AI to the enforcement of law. Concretely, we offer 10 recommendations for addressing the key enforcement challenges shared across transatlantic stakeholders. We call on those who support these recommendations to sign this manifesto. The Fifth Edition of The Athens Roundtable on AI and the Rule of Law will take place on November 30th and December 1st, 2023. It will delve into pressing governance challenges posed by foundation models and generative AI across jurisdictions.     

重庆地票制度的功能及问题探析

地票制度是重庆统筹城乡综合配套改革的一项创新。随着地票市场的发展,地票在优化城乡建设用地配置、显化农村土地资产价值等方面的功能日益显现。同时,作为一项改革,地票制度面临的土地发展权和土地保障能力的公平性、地票交易制度的可持续发展以及地票基准价格测算及收益分配等问题也应受到高度重视。应加强对地票交易制度的理论研究,充分认识地票的实质,从地票价值构成角度构建地票基准价格和地票收益测算体系;从农民财产权转移角度建立地票收益分配机制;从区域发展权转移角度和区域发展能力减损角度制定国家下达建设用地计划指标的补偿与奖励政策;构建地票制度运行的监测预警体系,促进地票制度健康有序运行。     

韩国的医师说明义务与患者知情同意权

医师的说明义务与患者的知情同意权是医疗关系的核心内容,并成为医疗责任认定的主要依据。韩国对于这一对权利义务关系的认识经历了从传统医疗模式向人道模式的转变,使得患者从医疗关系的客体转变为主体。这一转变不仅改变了患者的地位,更体现出法律的进步。然而,单纯强调患者的知情同意权将会导致医师实施保守治疗,因此,平衡医师的说明义务与患者知情同意权之间的关系显得尤为重要。