General systems theory and criminal justice

Criminal justice agencies are organized sequentially — “output” from one agency is “input” to the next — but most scholars argue that criminal justice is not a system in a theoretical sense. In this article, it is argued that general systems theory (GST) reveals important insights into criminal justice structures and functions. Specifically, it is argued that the criminal justice system processes “cases” rather than people, and that the common goal of criminal justice processing is to “close cases so that they stay closed.” It also is argued that processing capacity progressively declines, in that at each system point the subsequent agency cannot input as many cases as the previous agency can output. Each agency therefore experiences “backward pressure” to close cases in order to reduce input to the next agency. Overall, this article highlights that criminal justice agents and agencies are best understood as operating in the context of the larger whole, thus it is concluded that criminal justice is a system in the sense of general systems theory.     

肝积颗粒合介入治疗原发性肝癌的临床观察

目的：观察肝积颗粒合介入治疗原发性肝癌气虚血瘀证的临床疗效。方法：将符合研究条件的患者随机分为治疗组（30例）和对照组（30例），分别采用肝积颗粒保介入治疗和单纯介入治疗，观察两组的近期临床疗效、远期生存时间以及T细胞亚群、AFP值的变化情况。结果：治疗组瘤体缓解率为20．00％、稳定率为90．00％，对照组分别为16．67％、63．33％，其中，瘤体稳定率两组差异有显著性（P＜0．05），治疗组在减轻临床症状，延长生存时间、升高CD3、CD4值等方面优于对照组（P＜0．05），两组AFP值变化比较，差异无显著性。结论：肝积颗粒联合介入治疗原发性肝癌气虚血瘀证，可提高临床疗效，改善临床症状，增强机体免疫功能，延长生存期。     

Surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in medicolegal autopsies in Finland--monitoring early changes in HIV-seropositivity among risk groups and average population.

In order to cooperate with voluntary screening programs aimed at the surveillance of the HIV epidemic in Finland, we have studied medicolegal autopsies for HIV antibodies since 1986 using an enzyme immunoassay on postmortem sera. The investigation covered 47.4% and 39.2%, respectively, of all deaths under the age of 65 years in the metropolitan areas of Helsinki and Turku--two cities on the densely populated southern coast of Finland from which most HIV infections have thus far been detected. Nine HIV-positive cases (0.12%) were detected among the 7305 medicolegal autopsies tested in 1986 to 1990. This figure is higher than the prevalence of 0.01 to 0.03% in voluntary screening programs for the general population would suggest. Seven of our cases had previously tested positive, and two were previously unknown cases, indicating that people at high risk are clustered in the medicolegal autopsy series. Of the six cases in an early stage of infection, three committed suicide suggesting the importance of HIV-screening in suicide cases in tracing symptomless HIV carriers. Five of the cases were detected in 1990, a year when the number of new HIV infections had more than doubled compared to the previous two years. This suggests that testing of medicolegal autopsies as surrogate tests for the population gives useful information even in low-prevalence areas like Finland. Such testing has none of the ethical problems of many other back-up surveys, and may be particularly sensitive to early changes in epidemiology.     

论中共七大对中华民族伟大复兴的历史贡献

中华民族的复兴是一个伟大、长期、曲折的历史过程，这个过程需要数代人的艰辛奋斗方能完成。1945年4月召开的中共七大，是关系到全中国四亿五千万人民命运的一次大会。这次大会对中华民族的伟大复兴作出了重大的历史贡献，这次大会为中华民族的复兴提供了坚实的政治基础、科学的理论体系和指导思想、广泛的群众基础以及强有力的组织保证等四个方面。     

单摆模型:一种解读乡政村治的新范式

乡政村治,一个耳熟能详的范畴,如何实现该范畴的“最惊人的变故”(恩格斯语)已成为学术界关注的焦点问题。不同学者从不同维度厘析乡政村治并取得丰硕成果,在运用范式分析方面更是成果喜人。在研究过程中,我们也对一种新范式进行剖析,构建国家、基层政权、基层社会三者博弈过程的模型,通过分析试图揭示三者之间的关系。     

市场经济对当代大学生思想的负面影响及教育对策

在社会主义市场经济的建立和完善过程中,市场经济对当代大学生的思想产生了较大的负面影响,呈现出自我意识过强、功利主义倾向明显、道德观念复杂、心理问题突出等特点。加强社会主义义利观教育、社会公德教育、人文素质教育以及心理健康教育,成为了当前大学生思想政治教育的紧迫任务。