Product best if used by yesterday

When San Francisco schoolchildren were nearly served cartons of three-month-old milk recently, a food handler told inspectors he was confused about what the expiration dates meant. That explanation hardly satisfied school officials or parents, but the worker had a point: Although the shelf life of milk should be pretty obvious, it's not always clear when other products have passed their prime. So U.S. News asked the experts about the life span of a few other items to see when expiration dates should be taken literally and when they can be stretched.     

对综合执法机关的几点认识--兼论《行政处罚法》第16条

综合执法机关的设立是对我国传统行政管理体制改革的一种尝试 ,但由于它出现时间短 ,法律对它的调整还很不完善 ,无论是在理论上还是在实践中都存在着不少问题。综合执法机关的设立是我国行政管理的客观需要 ,有利于解决行政执法机构林立、行政处罚中的“滥”和“软”的问题。综合执法机关应有自己的独立的法律地位 ,有其固定的职权和管理领域 ,它的设立必须符合一定的法定条件和严格的法律程序。     

论公平责任原则在道路交通事故处理中的适用——兼谈一起道路交通意外事故的处理

在现行道路交通故事处理的法律规定中,道路交通事故与意外事件是相互排斥的,是不能适用公平责任原则进行处理的.随着<道路交通安全法>的颁布,道路交通事故的内涵扩大,道路交通意外事件被纳入交通事故范畴,公平责任原则才有了适用前提.在适用公平责任原则处理道路交通意外事故时,应当充分考虑事故的性质和当事人的具体经济状况,以及相关法律规定,不能简单地对等平均分配责任.     

Sales Tax Competition among State–Local Governments: Evidence from the US Counties

This article estimates tax reaction function of local governments competing with other governments to provide the insight for tax policy decision makers. Employing a panel of county-level data in all the states from 1970 to 2006, this article analyzes sales tax competition between county governments. In addition to a static model, this article pays more attention to dynamics in tax reaction function estimated by general methods of moments containing lagged dependent variables in the reaction function. Focusing on county governments, this article finds evidence for strategic interaction, an interaction that has positive effects on the setting of tax rates in a county.     

State-local sales tax,spillover, and economic activity: examining county governments in the US

The reliance on sales taxation has increased in both states and counties. This study aggregated county-level data and empirically explored the associations between state-local sales taxes and economic activity by industry types in county governments for the period of 1990–2013. The results revealed negative associations of sales tax rates with economic activity, especially in the manufacturing industry. Further, the findings provided the spatial dependence of economic activity across counties as a form of possible spillover. This study suggests that policymakers should pay attention to how the manufacturing and retail industries respond to any changes in sales tax rates for business activity.     

Wage subsidies as a labour market policy tool

In this paper, the author argues that wage subsidy is a valuable policy tool in the face of structural changes such as would result from the removal of tariffs, or in the face of a need to assist the disadvantaged or redress distributional inequity. After discussing wage subsidies that target specific segments of the population, which has the potential to improve both static and dynamic efficiency, the author goes on to discuss and contrast his universal wage subsidy proposal with the negative income tax and the minimum wage legislation, all of which are designed mainly for distributional purposes.     

The Use of Liquid Latex to Recover Latent Fingerprints that are Covered in Debris from Exterior Glass Surfaces of Vehicles

The purpose of this research is to determine if latent fingerprints deposited on the exterior glass surfaces of vehicles, then covered in debris, can be recovered. Past research used liquid latex to lift soot to recover trace evidence. Recently, liquid latex has been used to recover latent fingerprints along the bottom of vehicles. In this study, a total of 216 latent fingerprints were deposited on the exterior windows of three vehicles. Three control and three experimental latent fingerprints were placed on each side window. The vehicles collected debris for either 2, 3, or 4 weeks. After debris collection, liquid latex was applied to the experimental sections. The underlying fingerprints were developed with white granular powder. Control fingerprints were developed directly with white granular powder. A chi-square test revealed a significant difference in fingerprint recovery between the control and liquid latex method (X² = 9.026, d.f. = 1, p = 0.003). An odds ratio determined that the control method increases the probability of latent fingerprint recovery by 2.68. Fisher's exact test indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between the detail of the recovered control and experimental fingerprints (p = 0.065). This study demonstrates that recovery of fingerprints is possible using the liquid latex method; however, the control method recovers more fingerprints on the glass exterior of vehicles. If latent fingerprints are thought to be present on the exterior glass surfaces of vehicles, the control method should be used to improve vehicle processing by investigators.     

印度的医疗保障体系

印度是世界上人口仅次于中国的发展中国家,但印度的医疗保障体系在世界上是有名的,它保证了绝大多数人享受近乎免费的公共医疗卫生保障,一般老百姓看病的费用绝大部分是由政府支出,这极大地促进了印度社会的整体发展,同时,对我国医疗制度的改革也具有借鉴作用.     

单位(法人)犯罪若干问题研究

单位（法人）犯罪的问题主要在于两个方面：其一,理论解释问题即如何将产生于英美法系刑法实践的问题与大陆法系的刑法理论相协调,具体而言,就是如何将单位（法人）犯罪问题与大陆法系刑法中以自然人犯罪为前提的刑法理论相协调的问题。其二,实践问题或者价值判断问题,即是否有必要通过刑罚来处罚单位（法人）犯罪以及刑事处罚的效果问题。     

Social Motives Underlying Antisocial Behavior Across Middle School Grades

The goal of the study was to examine whether social motives (social mimicry, mutual attraction, and unreciprocated attraction) predict changes in antisocial behavior across middle school grades. The 2,003 initial participants (55% girls) were drawn from a larger longitudinal study of urban public school students: 44% Latino, 26% African-American, 10% Asian, 9% Caucasian, and 11% multiracial. Analyses of peer nominations and teacher-rated behavior included five waves of data between the fall of sixth grade and the spring of eighth grade (n = 1,260–1,347 for longitudinal analyses). Supporting the social mimicry hypothesis, students who associated peer-directed aggression with high social status in the beginning of middle school engaged in elevated levels of antisocial conduct during the second year in the new school. Additionally, unreciprocated attraction toward peers who bully others in the beginning of middle school was related to increased antisocial behavior in the last year of middle school. No support was obtained for the mutual attraction hypothesis. The findings provide insights about possible social motives underlying susceptibility to negative peer influence.