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531.
With prisons in the UK reaching full capacity, and with similar trends in other European countries and the USA, there is much
political debate about the efficacy of prison and community sentences. This paper aims to inform this debate by testing the
hypothesis that prisons are an effective and efficient way of reducing re-offending. A rapid review of effectiveness studies
was performed to determine the relative impact of prison and community sentences on re-offending. An economic analysis was
undertaken to transform the estimates of effect into estimates of the economic efficiency of alternative sentencing options
in the context of the UK. When compared with standard prison sentences, a number of community-based interventions and enhancements
of standard prison sentences were found to save money, both for the public sector and for society more broadly. Diverting
adult offenders from standard prison sentences to alternative interventions saves the UK public sector between £19,000 and
£88,000 per offender. When victim costs are considered, diverting offenders from standard prison sentences saves UK society
between £17,500 and £203,000 per offender. It was concluded that standard prison sentences are not an economically efficient
means for reducing re-offending.
Kevin Marsh Kevin Marsh is head of economics at The Matrix Knowledge Group (TMKG), London. He completed his Ph.D. in Economics at the University of Bath, UK, specialising in monetary techniques for valuing environmental resources. Following a year at the Social Disadvantage Research Centre, Oxford University, Kevin joined TMKG in 2003. His research interests include the economic evaluation of public policy, in particular criminal justice and public health interventions. Chris Fox Chris Fox is a Principal Lecturer in Criminology at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. He specialises in evaluations of social policy, with a particular focus on criminal justice and crime reduction. He is Joint Editor of Safer Communities, a journal for crime reduction and community justice practitioners. He is a trustee of Community Service Volunteers (CSV), the UK's largest volunteering and training organisation. 相似文献
Kevin MarshEmail: |
Kevin Marsh Kevin Marsh is head of economics at The Matrix Knowledge Group (TMKG), London. He completed his Ph.D. in Economics at the University of Bath, UK, specialising in monetary techniques for valuing environmental resources. Following a year at the Social Disadvantage Research Centre, Oxford University, Kevin joined TMKG in 2003. His research interests include the economic evaluation of public policy, in particular criminal justice and public health interventions. Chris Fox Chris Fox is a Principal Lecturer in Criminology at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. He specialises in evaluations of social policy, with a particular focus on criminal justice and crime reduction. He is Joint Editor of Safer Communities, a journal for crime reduction and community justice practitioners. He is a trustee of Community Service Volunteers (CSV), the UK's largest volunteering and training organisation. 相似文献
532.
Chris Pierson 《英国政治学与国际关系杂志》2010,12(1):72-87
This article considers treatments of the Bible story of Naboth and Ahab in the work of two thinkers separated by more than a millennium: St Ambrose and John Ponet. Both men treat this as a story about (among other things) property and political authority. Their emphases are different but there are similarities that make them plausibly part of a common tradition of reading the Bible for political effect. 相似文献
533.
This article contributes to the debate on livelihood diversification in rural sub-Saharan Africa, focusing specifically on
the growing economic importance of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the region. The precipitous decline in the value
of many export crops and the removal of subsidies on crucial inputs such as fertilizers have made smallholder production unviable,
forcing many farmers to ‘branch out’ into non-farm activities to supplement their incomes. One of the more popular destinations
for poor farmers is the low-tech ASM sector which, because of its low barriers to entry, has absorbed millions of rural Africans
over the past two decades, the majority of whom are engaged in the extraction of near-surface mineral deposits located on
concessions that have been demarcated to multinational corporations. The efforts made hitherto to control this illegal mining
activity, both through force and regulation, however, have had little effect, forcing many of the region’s governments and
private sector partners to ‘re-think’ their approaches. One strategy that has gained considerable attention throughout the
region is intensified support for agrarian-orientated activities, many of which, despite the problems plaguing smallholder
agricultural sector and challenges with making it more economically sustainable, are being lauded as appropriate ‘alternative’
sources of employment to artisanal mining. After examining where artisanal mining fits into the de-agrarianization ‘puzzle’
in sub-Saharan Africa, the article critiques the efficacy of ‘re-agrarianization’ as a strategy for addressing the region’s
illegal mining problem. A case study of Ghana is used to shed further light on these issues. 相似文献
534.
Chris McDonald Lionel Frost rea Kirk-Brown Al Rainnie† Pieter Van Dijk‡ 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2010,69(1):9-21
Place-based partnerships are supported by the state and include various organisations and interests within particular geographic areas. The Victorian government has established place-based partnerships to plan and coordinate resource allocation decisions to meet objectives such as economic development and social inclusion. In the literature there are positive and negative views of these partnerships. One view is that they allow regions to build competitive advantage, while another is that they are a means of pursuing a neoliberal policy agenda that seeks to reduce government protection and investment. We help clarify the tensions between positive and negative views of partnerships by examining the economic approaches used by policy actors toward place-based partnerships in Victoria. We find that policy actors combine neoclassical and institutionalist approaches to argue that partnerships generate networks that enable more efficient and equitable resource allocation within places . 相似文献
535.
Online dispute resolution (ODR) has improved access to justice in the digital world. ODR users benefit from faster and cheaper dispute resolution mechanisms compared to traditional litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution. There are few and quite varied regulatory systems for ODR.This research aims to develop a set of standards to measure the concept of security and to increase the consistency of security in ODR systems. An exploratory mixed method approach is used, involving a quantitative (survey) and mainly qualitative approach (face-to-face interviews) for gathering data. We identify three elements of information security, privacy, and authentication as standards for an appropriate ODR legal framework. Finally, these findings led to practical implications for policy makers and regulators. 相似文献
536.
Simona Gherghel Ruth M. Morgan Javier F. Arrebola-Liébanas Chris S. Blackman Ivan P. Parkin 《Science & justice》2019,59(3):256-267
Sexual assault is a serious crime that often has low conviction rates. Recent literature has demonstrated that there is potential for fragrances to be valuable in forensic reconstructions where there has been contact between individuals. However, developing appropriate evidence bases for understanding the nature of fragrance transfer in these contexts is needed. This article presents three experiments that address the transfer process of fragrances that have been transferred from a primary piece of fabric onto a secondary piece of fabric, in a manner that could occur during an assault. The three variables studied were the ageing time of the fragrances on the first fabric prior to transfer, the contact time between the two fabrics, and lastly the fabric type (of the primary material and the recipient material). The transfer was evaluated using a validated solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME GC–MS) method. The findings demonstrated that all three variables had an impact on the transfer of fragrances between clothing fabrics. Generally, lower volatility compounds were transferred and recovered in larger amounts than higher volatility compounds. All fragrance compounds were successfully recovered from a secondary piece of fabric even when the contact time was as short as 10 s, and even when the perfume was aged on the primary fabric for as long as 48 h. The nature of the fragrance transfer also depended on the fabric type, so that a clear discrimination was observed between the fragrance transfer that occurred onto a natural fabric (cotton) and onto a synthetic fabric (polyester). 相似文献
537.
538.
539.
This paper examines whether the psychological sequelae of rape relate to rape case attrition by leading police to see the victim as less reliable. A mixed methods approach with two linked studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, was used. In Study 1, the qualitative study, interviews with 12 specialist police officers were analysed using Framework Analysis. In Study 2, the quantitative study, 76 specialist officers completed an online questionnaire to assess the generalisability of Study 1’s findings. In Study 1, officers’ perceptions of victims clustered into three stereotypes, which we label “the real victim”, “the mad discloser”, and “the bad discloser”. Victims who exhibited signs of shame, self-blame, and post-traumatic stress reactions which impeded their ability to give a coherent account of the rape were perceived as less reliable “mad” or “bad” victims. The findings of Study 2 supported these results. Although police interview strategies have improved in recent years, there is evidence that signs of trauma and shame in the victim are sometimes misinterpreted as signs of lying. This may affect attrition by impacting on victim-officer relationships. Further training on recognising trauma and understanding its consequences is recommended both for specialist officers and front-line staff. 相似文献
540.
Rich Janzen Chris Brnjas Jim Cresswell Mark Chapman 《Journal of immigrant & refugee studies》2020,18(2):239-260
AbstractThis article explores partnerships between faith groups and government-funded immigrant settlement services. It does so by reporting on perspectives of community stakeholders through a survey across four communities in Ontario, Canada. Survey results demonstrate that the existence, benefits, and challenges of faith and settlement partnerships are recognized by settlement workers, faith leaders, and other stakeholders. Yet the results also indicate that more could be done to strengthen partnerships so that they lead to better settlement outcomes. The article discusses five key actions for strengthening partnerships: sharing stories, exploring differences, enabling a cultural shift, conducting advocacy, and formalizing partnerships. 相似文献